Importance of Jade in Chinese Culture

Importance of Jade in Chinese Culture Jade is a metamorphic rock that is naturally colored green, red, yellow, or white. When it polished and treated, the vibrant colors of jade can be extraordinary. The most popular kind of jade in Chinese culture is green jade, which has an emerald hue.   Called 玉 (yà ¹) in Chinese, jade is important to Chinese culture because of its beauty, practical use, and social value. Here is an introduction to jade and why it is so important to Chinese people. Now when you browse through an antique shop, jewelry store, or museum, you can impress your friends with your knowledge of this important stone. Types of Jade Jade is classified into soft jade (nephrite) and hard jade (jadeite). Since China only had soft jade until jadeite was imported from Burma during the Qing dynasty (1271–1368 CE), the term jade traditionally refers to nephrite, and so soft jade is also called traditional jade. In preColumbian America, only hard jade was available; all Native American jades are jadeite. Burmese jadeite is called feicui in Chinese. Feicui is now more popular and valuable than soft jade in China today. History of Jade Jade has been a part of Chinese civilization from the earliest days. Chinese jade was used as a material for practical and ornamental purposes at an early period in history, and it continues to be very popular today. The earliest Chinese jade is from the early Neolithic period Hemudu culture in Zhejian Province (about 7000–5000 BCE). Jade was an important part of ritual contexts in the middle to late Neolithic periods, such as the Hongshan culture that existed along the Lao River and the Liangzhu culture in the Tai Lake region (both date between 4000–2500 BCE). Carved jade has also been found in sites dated to the Longshan culture (3500–2000 BCE) by the Yellow River; and the Bronze age cultures of Western and Easter Zhou dynasties (11th–3rd centuries BCE). In  Ã¨ ª ªÃ¦â€"‡è § £Ã¥ ­â€" (shuo  wen  jie  zi), the first Chinese dictionary published in the early second century CE, jade was described as beautiful stones by the writer Xu Zhen. Jade has been a familiar substance in Chinese culture for a very long time. Uses of Chinese Jade Archaeological artifacts of jade include sacrificial  vessels, tools, ornaments,  utensils, and many other items. Ancient music instruments were made out of Chinese jade, such as the yuxiao  (a flute made of jade and played vertically), and chimes. The beautiful color of jade made it a mysterious stone to the Chinese in ancient times, so jade wares were popular as sacrificial vessels and were often buried with the dead. One example of the ritual importance of jade is the burial of the body of Liu Sheng, a prince of the Zhongshan State (Western Han Dynasty) who died around 113 BCE. He was buried in a  jade suit  composed of 2,498 pieces of jade stitched together with gold thread. Importance of Jade in Chinese Culture Chinese people love jade not only because of its aesthetic beauty but also because of what it represents regarding social value. In the Li Ji (Book of Rites), Confucius said that there are 11 De, or virtues, represented in jade: benevolence, justice, propriety, truth, credibility, music, loyalty, heaven, earth, morality, and intelligence. The wise have likened jade to virtue. For them, its polish and brilliancy represent the whole of purity; its perfect compactness and extreme hardness represent the sureness of intelligence; its angles, which do not cut, although they seem sharp, represent justice; the pure and prolonged sound, which it gives forth when one strikes it, represents music. Its color represents loyalty; its interior flaws, always showing themselves through the transparency, call to mind sincerity; its iridescent brightness represents heaven; its admirable substance, born of mountain and of water, represents the earth. Used alone without ornamentation it represents chastity. The price that the entire world attaches to it represents the truth. Book of Rites In the Shi Jing  (Book of Odes), Confucius wrote: When I think of a wise man, his merits appear to be like jade. Book of Odes Thus, beyond monetary worth and materiality, jade is greatly prized as it stands for beauty, grace, and purity. As the Chinese saying goes: gold has a value; jade is invaluable.   Jade in the Chinese Language Because jade represents desirable virtues, the word for jade (yu) is incorporated into many Chinese idioms and proverbs to denote beautiful things or people. For example, å† °Ã¦ ¸â€¦Ã§Å½â€°Ã¦ ´  (bingqing yujie), which directly translates to clear as ice and clean as jade is a Chinese saying that means someone is pure and noble. ä º ­Ã¤ º ­Ã§Å½â€°Ã§ «â€¹ (tingting  yuli) is a phrase used to describe something or someone that is fair, slim, and graceful. Additionally, 玉å ¥ ³ (yà ¹nÇš), which means jade woman,  is a term for a lady or beautiful girl.   A popular thing to do in China is to use the Chinese character for jade in Chinese names. The Supreme Deity of Taoism is known as Yuhuang  Dadi (the Jade Emperor). Chinese Stories About Jade Jade is so ingrained in Chinese culture that there are famous stories about Jade (here called bi). The two most famous tales are He Shi Zhi Bi (Mr. He and His Jade or Hes Jade Disc) and Wan Bi Gui Zhao (Jade Returned Intact to Zhao). The stories involve a man named Bian He and a piece of jade that eventually became a symbol of united China. He Shi Zhi Bi tells the story of Mr. He and how he found a piece of raw jade and tried to give it to two generations of kings, but they didnt recognize it as valuable and cut off his feet as punishment for trying to pass off an unworthy stone. Eventually, the grandson of the first king finally had his jeweler cut the stone open and found the raw jade; it was carved into a disc and named after Mr. He by that grandson, Wenwang, the king of the Chu State, around 689 BCE. Wan Bi Gui Zhao is the follow-up story of this famous jade. The carved disc was subsequently stolen from the Chu State and eventually ended up owned by the Zhao. The king of the Qin State, the most powerful state during the Warring States Period (475–221 BCE), attempted to buy the jade disc back from the Zhao State in exchange for 15 cities. (Jade is known as ä » ·Ã¥â‚¬ ¼Ã¨ ¿Å¾Ã¥Å¸Å½, Valued at multiple cities because of this story.) However, he failed. Eventually, after some amount of political chicanery, the jade disc was returned to the Zhao State. In 221 BCE, the emperor Qin Shi Huangdi conquered the Zhao state, and as the ruler and founder of the Qin dynasty, he had the disc carved into a seal representing the new united China. The seal was part of the royal stores in China for 1,000 years before being lost during the Ming and Tang dynasties. Source Wu Dingming. 2014. A Panoramic View of Chinese Culture. Simon and Schuster.

Heres a Format to Use for Your Law School Resume

Heres a Format to Use for Your Law School Resume Your  law school resume  can be one of the most important parts of your application and you probably already know it shouldn’t follow the same format as a general resume for employment. You want to give the admissions council the best summary of your most important work, experiences, and skills.   Below youll find a general template for you to follow when writing your law school resume, but remember, before you start writing, you should always ask yourself some  basic information-gathering questions  so you’re all set up to just fill in these categories. Consult your pre-law advisor and your college’s career services center if you have any questions and make sure several people review your resume. Also, feel free to play around with the titles of categories as well as the order; if something doesn’t make sense to include in your resume, or if you feel something else should be highlighted in a different way, don’t be afraid to make your law school resume fit your qualifications after all, it is yours and should put your achievements in the best possible light. For example, if you speak ten languages, you should think about having a whole section simply called â€Å"Languages† to make that stand out. If you’ve consistently held leadership roles in organizations, you may choose to create a category entitled â€Å"Leadership.† Main Categories of Law School Resumes Education List the college institution, location (city and state), degree or certificate earned including areas of study, and the year you earned it. If you didn’t earn a degree or certificate, list the dates of attendance. You should also include study abroad experiences here. You may also list your GPA and GPA in your major for each institution attended (especially if higher than your overall GPA); you can also include your class rank, but only if it will look impressive (anything lower than top 30% probably doesn’t need to be included). Honors Awards List any honors and awards you have achieved and what year you earned them. Don’t list high school or high school achievements unless they’re extraordinary like you were in the Olympics and if you were in the Olympics, you might consider having a whole other section just on your athletic career as you probably have received other related awards as well. Employment, Work Experience, or Experience List your position, the name of the employer, location (city and state), and the dates you were employed there. If it was a part-time position during school, list the number of hours you worked per week, but not if it was only two or three. Also list your job duties under each one, making sure to note any recognition or special achievements (for example, increased sales by 30% in your first year as a section manager, etc.). Quantifying your work for each organization, if possible, makes it easier for admissions to see how and what you contributed. Always start your job descriptions with strong action words (directed, lead, mentored, organized, etc.) to convey purpose and direction. Skills, Achievements Other Activities In this section, you can list foreign languages, membership in other organizations, and basically anything else you’d like to highlight in your experiences that haven’t yet made it onto your law school resume. Some applicants use this section to list their technical proficiencies including any computer programs they have experience with. This is one of the sections you may consider renaming according to your personal experiences.

Imprisonment in Recent Financial Collapse Assignment - 1

Imprisonment in Recent Financial Collapse - Assignment Example The situation resulted in heightened joblessness and social insecurity. Restoration of financial strength required intervention by respective governments as in case of United States it was the Bush administration who responded with a financial relief program for major firms, â€Å"The Troubled Asset Relief Program, or TARP -- to provide these financial institutions with funds to survive the turmoil that they had helped unleash. It was a distasteful but necessary thing to do.† (Obama, 2010). Yes, the intellectual crime can be termed a serious crime and the response should be tried and imprisoned but only if it was a deliberate crime that can be attributed to an individual or a group. However, if it is not the case and there is no one to take the burden of this heavy odd to world economy then we have to revisit our approach to the issue. The best response to an intelligence failure is to redress it intellectually. Recovery from the recent financial crisis, no matter to what an extent we have recovered, is also featured through the help of the same experts, intellectuals, and firms. If masses were troubled due to the worst financial slum of the history they also owe to the efforts of the financial experts who find a way out to restore and regain the financial strength. Nevertheless, if some organizations or individuals who were supposed to protect the financial integrity and economic structure and they could not meet the expectations can be interrogated for their failure to avoid any such mistakes in the future. Even then if some segments find it indispensable, a mechanism of penalty can be designed to intensify the sentence. That is what the American president has uttered a year ago while imposing a Financial Crisis Responsibility Fee, â€Å"And that is why, through this fee and broader reforms that we seek, our goal is not to punish Wall Street firms, but rather to prevent the abuse and excess that nearly caused the collapse of many of these firms and the financial system itself.† (Obama, 2010).

Costco Wholesale Corporation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Costco Wholesale Corporation - Case Study Example Though less readily measurable, it is apparently accompanied by a shrinking of activities for the few remaining general merchandising wholesalers and a loss of sales for small stores carrying women's and children's apparel, particularly in low and medium-quality lines. Costco is a closed-door store which allows only "members" access to the store through membership eligibility as defined by rather broad classifications of government employees, teachers, union members, or employees of government contractors (see Appendix 4). The chain carries a wide range of soft goods and apparel, but also gives major attention to furniture, appliances, food, and automotive supplies. Several of the closed door operations have recently opened their doors to the general public. "Examples of Costco's incredible annual sales volumes included 96,000 carats of diamonds (2006), 1.5 million televisions, $300 million worth of digital cameras, 28 million rotisserie chickens (over 500,000 weekly), 40 percent of the Tuscan olive oil bought in the United States, $16 million worth of pumpkin pies during the fall holiday season, $3 billion worth of gasoline, 21 million prescriptions, and 52 million $1.50 hot dog/soda pop combinations" (Thompson p. 2008, p. C5). Low operating margins achieved through volume sales and limited service expenditures for clerks, delivery, credit, and so on have allowed prices which average about 15% below those of the department stores and specialty shops with which discount stores compete in the sale of soft goods. Full-size food supermarkets are being established within many of the new large discount stores. Because of consumers' long experience in comparing food values between stores and because of the frequency of food store visits by the average family, these food departments are attractive to the soft-goods stores as traffic builders, and are frequently operated with planned narrow margins (or even planned losses) to maximize their drawing power (Costco Home P age 2008). Chief Elements of the Costco's strategy The uniqueness of Costco strategy is that it proposes advantages and benefits to its members only, except gasoline and beverage products. The closed-door stores depend primarily on word of mouth and on mail promotion to their members to publicize the attractive values offered. Costco does not make extensive use of advertising media to give publicity to the low prices and special values which they offer. Major retail innovations involve an "invention" of new means of performing the retailing function. They are dependent on concomitant developments in products, in physical handling technology, and in organization at the wholesale supply level; but, most important of all, they are dependent on changes in the income, location, and style of life of consumers (Drejer 2002). In contrast to other retailers, Costco proposes wide product rage: "Whereas typical supermarkets stocked about 40,000 items and a Wal-Mart Supercenter or a SuperTarget might have as many as 150,000 items for shoppers to choose from, Costco's merchandising strategy was to

An Effective Counsellor Essay Example for Free

An Effective Counsellor Essay Counsellors should continually assess their own feelings and needs to maintain an appropriate relationship with the client. There are issues that a counsellor should be aware of when doing a self-assessment; The counsellor should be aware of when they feel uncomfortable with a client or a topic being discussed. The counsellor must choose to either be honest with the discomfort of a situation or topic, or they may refer the client to another counsellor. The counsellor should be aware of their own avoidance strategies. The counsellor must be able to recognize when they avoid certain topics, or allow distractions and then find an effective way to facilitate help appropriately. The counsellor should be able to recognize when they are trying to control a situation. It is important that the counsellor engage in responsive listening so that theyre not controlling the communication process. The counsellor must remind themselves continuously that any issue being discussed has many perspectives and that theirs may be different, from that of the clients. It is important not to express whether the clients view is right or wrong. The counsellor must avoid being omnipotent. It is not the counsellors job to make the client better. It is the counsellors job to help facilitate the client in addressing and resolving the issues. It is also important that the counsellor identifies and responds to positive feelings, and that they dont just focus on negative ones. This provides balance for the client and allows them to amplify positive strengths in their lives. Lastly, the counsellor must keep in mind to never ask a question, or discuss a 1 topic that you would not be able to discuss in a similar situation. These issues should always be addressed when a Counsellor is engaging in a self-assessment. By completing a self-assessment I was able to address my values, skills, attributes and my interests. I identified that while I am not a judgemental person, I do hold values that if not addressed prior to a situation could cause myself to become close-minded and that would ultimately put a barrier up in my ability to help the client. I also was able to identify how I can use my skills and attributes to counsel my clients in a positive manner. I have identified that I try to find a positive in all situations but I dont ever be-little the seriousness of the topic at hand. With a self-assessment I am able to recognize when and how to communicate appropriately with a client. The individuals I support will be able to discuss issues with me and feel comfortable knowing that I dont judge or assume things about them. Both my verbal and non-verbal skills will make this evident to the client. As a registered Developmental Service Worker I could be taking on a role as a counsellor where self-assessment is crucial as it is important to be able to identify when or if I am not dealing with a situation or topic appropriately. I will use the skill of self-assessment in any other role whether that be taking on a position as a Personal Support Worker or working in a group home. It is important that I am able to identify my strengths and weaknesses when it comes to helping a client and that I am able to do so in a way that is prudent. It is also important to continually perform a self-assessment as situations change or evolve. A counsellor who understands how they communicate and who has self-awareness is likely to be more effective in helping the client, then those who are not aware of these issues. Counsellors who are able to identify aspects such as if a topic being discussed makes them feel uncomfortable, if the topic goes against their own values or beliefs, if it is causing different emotions in themselves and why that may be, if they are projecting these feelings and whether or not they are really listening to the 2 client. Continual self-awareness is crucial to the development of the counsellor and their ability to help the client.

The Lost Boy Essay -- essays research papers

THE LOST BOY SOCW 3220: Human Behavior II ABSTRACT   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Imagine a boy who is nine years old and who is alone. He doesn't have a home, and the only possession he has is what he can carry in a brown paper bag. In the novel The Lost Boy, the author David Pelzer tells his experience of this first hand. David was removed from his abusive biological mother when he was nine years old and placed into a foster home.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Soon after his first placement, he began to come out of his shell. He was going through an adjustment period where he had to get use to being a boy instead of it. During this transition he became overly aggressive, and full of energy. This energy and aggression landed him in trouble on a few occasions. He was forced to move from one foster home to the next because of this trouble.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During this period, David not only had to adjust to his new surroundings; he also had to adjust to the awkward years of adolescence. This adjustment was especially hard for David because he was never really a boy. However, he was able to overcome it and grow up to live a normal life, as a pilot for the Air Force.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the novel The Lost Boy, the main character was David Pelzer. David became a foster child because he was severely abused by his alcoholic mother. This book looks at his life from ages 9 to 18, when he was a foster child. The theoretical concept of development that applies to David during this stage of his life is Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory has eight stages of development. These stages are as follows: Stage  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Crisis  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Age Important Event 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Basic trust versus basic mistrust  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Birth to 18 months Feeding 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Autonomy versus Shame and doubt 18 months to 3 years Toileting 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Initiative versus guilt   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3 to 6 years  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  &n... ... their children to associate with him. This was evident when David tried to talk to a girl he liked in his neighborhood. David went to her house to speak to her, but instead of speaking to her he spoke to her mother. She told David that she did not know why they allowed his kind in the neighborhood. She said that he was a filthy hooligan, and he reeked of street trash. He was told that he is not allowed to talk to her children or approach her house. This response is an example of issues of diversity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Because David was different from these women's family, she did not approve of him. This type of prejudice is evident throughout the novel. Many people told David that the sooner he learns that he is only an F-child, the better off he will be. He was told to stick with his own kind. This was just a different type of prejudice that David went through. I though that this novel was very well written. It kept my attention and made me want to read more. I would recommend that this novel be read by all social workers that want to work with abused or fostered children.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Equiano’s Travel Questions

1. Olaudah Equiano represented a confluence of African and European cultures. While he spent only his childhood in Africa, Equiano remained cognizant of his African heritage and tied to his cultural roots. Yet he also embraced British culture and customs with prodigious alacrity. Equiano imbibed British ideas about liberty, commerce, Protestant religion, and social habits and mores. He even married an Englishwoman, Susan Cullen, and lived out his days in London. In short, Equiano lionized British society and sought to emulate his white peers.How does Equiano define his identity? Is he African? Is he British? How do you explain this hybridity? 2. Equiano was baptized into the Christian faith at the age of fourteen in 1759. What role does religion play in his life? Discuss Equiano’s relationship with God and his belief in the fatalism of Providence. 3. Equiano purchased his freedom for forty pounds at the age of twenty-one in 1766. Throughout his narrative, he became an able and astute entrepreneur. What role does the economy play in Equiano’s life? In what ways does commerce make him a modern man?What is Equiano’s economic solution to slavery at the end of the book? 4. Equiano was familiar with the entire system of slavery from Africa to the Middle Passage to plantation life in the West Indies and United States. How do his experiences of African slavery and New-World slavery compare? What is his view of slavery? Is it so simple as a one-sided condemnation, or is it more complicated? Does Equiano accept slavery under any circumstances? Are their ways in which it is legitimized? 5. Autobiography is a literary genre that allows the author to recall and record events from his or her past.Intentionally or not, however, sometimes autobiographers reinvent their pasts to their advantage. Memory and interpretation can obscure what actually took place. In what ways does Equiano appeal to the reader? Does he present a judicious and balanced view of his life, or is this book merely an exercise in propaganda? 6. If all of these questions fail to stimulate your interest, creativity, and analytical apparatuses, you may create your own paper topic provided you receive my approval well in advance.

Explorer Persuasive Research Essay Essay

The world is full of many explorers, much of many who honestly are unqualified and are worthless, as explorers. In contrast, once they do a single thing that is miraculous and they change the entire perspective of who they are and what they are really capable of. Out of any explorer out there my explorer is beyond the best explorer, not only for what he has done, but for his very own name. My explorers name is Alvar Nunez Cabeza De Vaca, which in contrast from every other explorer has the coolest and weirdest name out there. For many of you who don’t necessarily know what Cabeza de Vaca means, it means Cow head. Although his name was weird and funny catching, he also was the first to do much of many things, like being the first European to describe America from Florida through Arizona. His writing is the oldest out of any other about history we have of the Native Americans, and he set out the stage for the conquest of this continent. Many people wonder how come he got the name of Cabeza de Vaca, or Head of a Cow. It’s strange to have a name like that because there is no reflection and there is no moral behind it, and no one can ever imagine having a name like that. The way he got his name, just shows how much of a cool explorer he really was. He was born in 1490 into Spanish nobility. His ancestors had long been warriors, which continued for generations. One of his ancestors got that name after he was victorious in a battle after following a trail marked with cow skulls. This name stuck with him and continued on to Alvar Nunez. This name distinguished him as a fine officer in battles. He was immune to suffering. This gave him his popularity and a name to be known as, which unlike any other explorer is something not many others have thus making him the best. Cow Head, was the first European to describe America from Florida through Arizona. In June 17, 1527: He leaves Spain with 299 other men and his captain, where he was appointed crown treasurer of the expedition, which was an important position. During this exploration, Vaca lived various events, which led to the description of it in its own. He described villages he saw, how he survived and what America’s Natives told him at various places along his way. This description influenced Coronado and DeSoto: two men who changed this continent forever. An explorer who lives extreme adventures, describes and influences men who changed this continent, is one amazing thing that not all explorers did, which further more proves that this Cow Head guy is the best without doubt. If he hadn’t influenced anyone, these changes on the continent wouldn’t have happened, and whether that could have been a good thing or not, it changed our way of life now. His writings were the oldest, but had the most meaningful information on the Indians. These were people who the Spanish had to defeat or make peace with to conquer this new world of the Americas. Vaca’s writing gave new explorers detailed information, about who the Indians were and how to live among them. This gave a great advantage to the Spanish, because Vaca set the stage or mood to conquer these people. His explorations and discoveries led to the defeat and birth of a new world that wasn’t yet known. Other people may have discovered the Americas, but they didn’t conquer it, and although Vaca didn’t do it physically, he did it through the course of his time there, because he analyzed, composed, and delivered. Cabeza de Vaca, the man who inherited the name of Head of a Cow, was the best explorer. He made possible everything that is today, for his adventure changed the continent through his writing and the people who he influenced. He experienced many triumphs and amazing occasions, in which he is well known to this day for. So the next time you think of a great explorer, don’t think about someone who just got lucky, but think of Vaca and all of the great, historical achievements he still leads on to this day.

Fahrenheit 451 †Survey of Censorship

Fahrenheit 451 – Survey of Censorship Free Online Research Papers This is a report about censorship around the world. Many groups and governments have censored books for different reasons. One book that has received a lot of censorship is the Bible. It is censored because of its good teachings and takes away power from the government. There are a number of examples where this is happening today. In happens mainly in Non-Christian and Communist countries such as Saudi Arabia, Cuba, China, Iran and Russia. For example; In Saudi Arabia, distributing Bibles by non-Muslims, is banned. A sign at a Saudi Arabian airport says travelers should surrender their non-approved religious books to officials before entering the country. They allow western families to bring in their own Bibles, if they do not bring in too many. In China, the government has published a list of â€Å"prohibited objects† for the 2008 Olympics in the village where athletes will stay. To the surprise of many, Bibles are among the objects that will not be allowed. The Spanish newspaper, La Razon said the rule was one of a number of â€Å"signs of censure and intolerance† towards religious objects, particularly those used by Christians in China. In Cuba, the prison in Camaguey, Cuba, banned the Bible from inmates cells. According to Aid to the Church in Need, Nine political prisoners, several of whom are journalists, used to read texts of the Bible aloud from their cells so that other prisoners around could listen. It was an original way to study the Bible and get spiritual support to these prisoners who are very badly treated. Few Bibles are allowed into the prisons. In Iran, police in Tehran beat a man for having a Bible in his car. According to Iran Focus, a Christian newspaper, â€Å"he was subjected to lashes on the back and underwent physical and psychological torture. Even in some parts of the U.S., the Gideons Bible distribution has been banned by some American school districts. It has even been banned in residence halls at the University of Edinburgh because it is discriminatory. In Russia, many translations of The Bible were banned by the â€Å"Index Librorum Prohibitorum† in the Catholic Church. During the Cold War, Gorbachev banned all exploitation of Bibles up until 1988. Myanmar (formerly Burma) has banned translation of the Bible into the countrys native languages, yet limit the control of trafficking Christian literature in certain circumstances. Research Papers on Fahrenheit 451 – Survey of CensorshipComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionQuebec and CanadaGenetic Engineering19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationCapital PunishmentNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This Nice

Free Essays on Ceasars Legion

Critique On The Book Ceasar's Legion Stephen Dando-Collins. Caesars’ Legion: The Epic Saga of Julius Caesar’s Elite Tenth and the Armies of Rome. New York: John Weiley & Sons, Inc. 2002. They were the most famous and accomplished military unit of their day, raised personally by Juluis Caesar as the first step in his relentless quest for power and glory. Caesar’s Tenth Legion took the lead role in all their battles, from their bloody initiation in Spain and Portugal to the conquest of Gaul, the invasion of Britain, and the battles of the Civil War. Stephan Dando-Collins provides and extraordinary detailed history of the Tenth Legion- it’s officers, it’s men, and it’s incredible string of victories, which continued even after Caesar’s death with the siege of Jerusalem. Based on the author’s thirty years of painfulness research into the Roman military, using sources ranging from classical texts to tombstone inscriptions. The ambitious Roman military built reputations through conquest, raw recruits, became harden foot soldiers, and the Tenth Legion became a killing machine. Marching, digging, charging, ramming down gates, s caling battles, storming through towns and villages, and slaughtering anyone whom stood in their way. Dando-Collins reveals unknown details about Roman military practices, conducts as a commander from Julius Caesar and his relationship with officers and legionaries. Stephan Dando-Collins is an Australian-born researcher, editor, and author who has spend the last three decades identifying and studying the individual legions of the Roman army of the late Republic and the empire of the Caesars. Collins 30 years research of the Roman army concentrates on the legions from 30B.C. - 233A.D. emphasizing on the Roman elite Legio X. Collins major topics are the Battle of Munda, saving the Swiss, overrunning the Germans, the conquest of Gaul, the invasion of Britain, the Battle of Pharalus, the murd... Free Essays on Ceasar's Legion Free Essays on Ceasar's Legion Critique On The Book Ceasar's Legion Stephen Dando-Collins. Caesars’ Legion: The Epic Saga of Julius Caesar’s Elite Tenth and the Armies of Rome. New York: John Weiley & Sons, Inc. 2002. They were the most famous and accomplished military unit of their day, raised personally by Juluis Caesar as the first step in his relentless quest for power and glory. Caesar’s Tenth Legion took the lead role in all their battles, from their bloody initiation in Spain and Portugal to the conquest of Gaul, the invasion of Britain, and the battles of the Civil War. Stephan Dando-Collins provides and extraordinary detailed history of the Tenth Legion- it’s officers, it’s men, and it’s incredible string of victories, which continued even after Caesar’s death with the siege of Jerusalem. Based on the author’s thirty years of painfulness research into the Roman military, using sources ranging from classical texts to tombstone inscriptions. The ambitious Roman military built reputations through conquest, raw recruits, became harden foot soldiers, and the Tenth Legion became a killing machine. Marching, digging, charging, ramming down gates, s caling battles, storming through towns and villages, and slaughtering anyone whom stood in their way. Dando-Collins reveals unknown details about Roman military practices, conducts as a commander from Julius Caesar and his relationship with officers and legionaries. Stephan Dando-Collins is an Australian-born researcher, editor, and author who has spend the last three decades identifying and studying the individual legions of the Roman army of the late Republic and the empire of the Caesars. Collins 30 years research of the Roman army concentrates on the legions from 30B.C. - 233A.D. emphasizing on the Roman elite Legio X. Collins major topics are the Battle of Munda, saving the Swiss, overrunning the Germans, the conquest of Gaul, the invasion of Britain, the Battle of Pharalus, the murd...

Slavery During American Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Slavery During American Revolution - Essay Example The Arawaks also provided food, gifts and water to Christopher Columbus and his crew upon arrival in the territories of America. All these humane care and concern as displayed by Arawaks to Columbus and his group were senseless in ensuring continued peace and freedom among the communities of the Arawaks. These events as faced by Arawaks marked the sad the beginning of the slavery and American Revolution. Derived from the meek nature of the Arawaks, Columbus and his group developed mechanisms and ideas of converting innocent and peasant community into their slaves (Zinn 1). In the reports of Zinn (1), Columbus and his group were pleased with the good bodies of the Arawaks and the fact that they lacked dread weapons earned Columbus and his group much confidence to pursue and subdue the Arawaks in their own land. Zinn (1) connotes Columbus saying, â€Å"They have no iron. They got spears made of cane†¦they would make fine servants†. Columbus and his group had well wedged iro n weapons, which they even witnessed, cut one of the Arawaks when he received the weapon from the Columbus by holding the sharp edge. Columbus was also coined arguing that the ignorance of the Arawaks is the reason as to why the cut themselves with the iron. Columbus and his group on realizing that Baham island s were rich in precious gold, he resorted to engage forced slavery in the extraction process of the gold (Zinn 1). In order to enhance the power of his crew, Columbus travelled back to Italy with elements of gold to convince king to add him some other personalities to help him utilize the Arawaks in mining of the gold. Zinn (1) confirms that Columbus used his boosted force to compel the miserable Arawaks work in the mines and obtain him gold under slavery. Much work with insufficient food led to suffocation of the Arawaks thus leading to their death in large numbers. According to Zinn (1), Columbus also seized and enslaved a population of Indians in the Caribbean Island after he recognized that they were equally non-brutal. The enslaved Indians worked in the gold rich mines to excavate gold that were later transported to Europe. Many Indian however faced death due to their stubbornness to the Europeans. Those who could not work as slaves harmed and killed. Zinn (1) also confirms that Columbus picked 500 strong men among the Indian and Arawak communities to load gold into the ships and journey to Europe. Some of the slaves boarded on the ships in the reports of Zinn (1) died on the way to adverse cold weather in the ocean. Those who managed to reach Spain were sold as slaves to the rich households in Spain. Indians were forcibly compelled to gather gold in the depleted gold mines. Failure to collect sufficient amount called for mistreatment. Zinn (1) further reports that, the massive murder was directed to the Arawaks who tried to rebel against the Europeans. In addition, Indian and Arawaks under imprisonment faced merciless hanging by the Spaniard armie s (Zinn 1). In the views of Zinn (1), Pizarro one of the successors of Columbus conceded vehement killing of Indians whom he considered as scarifies to his gods. Indians would resist the domination of the Europeans to convert them into slaves. Indians’ resistance made Europeans to advance numerous attacks against the Indians, which included destruction of crops and death of people and animals. Zinn (2) reports that the white settlers in Virginia indulged in large

The theoretical framework of social marketing Essay

The theoretical framework of social marketing - Essay Example (Canada Health, 2005) Social marketing is not a new concept it has been around for a long time in one form or the other. Ever since there have been societies people have tried to persuade, inform, motivate and some how gain acceptance for their ideas and hence bring about a change. But social marketing was first introduced as a discipline in 1970 by Philip Kotler and Gerald Zaltman when they realized that the same marketing principles and strategies used to sell products can be used to sell and promote ideas, attitudes and behaviors. Kotler emphasized that the only difference between marketing and social marketing was that in social marketing the aim is not to maximize the benefit for the seller but to bring about a social change. (Weinreich, 2006) Six basic principles of social management set it apart it from other marketing approaches. Firstly the marketing conceptual frame work is intended to bring about a change that is the ultimate goal of marketing is to influence an action. Secondly there should be recognition of competition as recommended behaviors almost always have competition that should be understood and addressed. Thirdly there is a consumer orientation which is the focus on meeting the needs of one's consumers. Fourthly seminal research is to be used to identify with consumer's desires and needs that is programs will be more successful if they are based on the target audience's own perceptions and views. Fifthly there is to be a segmentation and careful selection of the target audience as audiences are rarely consistent in their perceptions or likely responses to marketing efforts and thus should be separated. And sixthly there is to be constant monitoring and modification of program tactics as the market is cons tantly changing and the management should be ready to rapidly adjust and alter its strategies. (Social Marketing Institute, n.d) Social marketing relies on the commercial marketing's conceptual frame work to guide program development and implementation. This frame work places the consumer at the heart of the exchange process where they try to maximize their wants and needs and minimize their costs of doing so. There fore social marketing identifies consumer wants and needs and tries to develop ways to satisfy them. In other words social marketing focuses on the consumer and tries to learn what the consumer wants and thus attempts to provide for the his or her needs. The planning process takes this consumer focus into account by concentrating on the elements of the marketing mix. This refers to the Ps of social marketing which incorporate the four Ps of marketing which are price, product, place and promotion as well as a few others. (Meischke, n.d) The first "P" is the social marketing product which might not always be in physical form. Products can be tangible such as condoms, ideas such as environment protection, habits or practices such as healthy eating and even services such as regular medical check ups or exams. For the product to be effective the consumers have to identify the fact that they have a problem and that the product offers a good solution to that problem. Here research can be used to determine the consumer's perception of their problem and how willing they are to solve that problem. (Weinreich, 2006) The second "P" is price which refers to what the consumers