Risk Management Cycle Analysis Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2587 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Risk is known as the probability or chance of loss, damage or hazard. Risk is related to every single entity in life. It is simply inevitable, and that serves as a significant motive for the development of various sophisticated techniques that help identify, quantify, manage and mitigate it. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Risk Management Cycle Analysis Finance Essay" essay for you Create order The risk management cycle contains complicated procedures and processes safeguarding firms of all shapes and sizes from the costs of destruction. This essay will effectively explain analyze, and evaluate JP Morgans 2012 Two Billion dollar trade loss. The text will present each step of the banks Risk Management Cycle, carefully illustrating where things went wrong while presenting their effective recovery plan and future Credit Risk Mitigation. JP Morgan Chase Profile J.P Morgan Chase is considered as United States largest bank. The bank has more than 260,000 employees, $2.3 trillion in managed assets and more than $1.1 trillion deposits. Although today, the financial institution is in the recovery phase of an uncontrolled disastrous trading loss. (Remy Raisner, 2012) Disastrous Trading Loss JP Morgan was one of the banks that considerably managed and recovered from the 2008 financial crisis effectively. However recently, the bank experienced a massive and severe trading loss leaving them on shaky grounds. It is demonstrated that the major loss was concentrated in the Chief Investment Office totaling $5.8 billion dollars in the beginning of 2012. This illustrates the poor cash management in the first half of this year. The actual credit trades are still under investigation, it is obvious that the JP Morgan Chase suffers from large consequential reputational loss. The banks Chief Executive Officer Jamie Dimon suffered great reputational loss due to his limited management and control of the situation. He has gained such a strong image over the last twenty five years for his impartial risk management of growth and volatility management that basically went down the drain. (Mike, 2012) What Caused the Trading Loss? There needs to be an accurate understanding of the situation to interpret whether the huge loss was as a result of the banks failed risk management employees or what is expected of risk officers duties. Strategic management There is an ongoing debate regarding the functions and credibility of the banks risk management staff and managers. Chief Executive Officer JP Morgans well respected CEO Dimon only knew about the multibillion trade loss through the wall street journal article months after the bank was trading and severely losing. (Denning, 2012) This demonstrates that the strategic management was poorly executed. How can a CEO of a firm not acknowledge the fact that risky trading activities are implemented that could suffer greatly from environmental and market changes? Given his reputation as a leading risk manager that helped JP Morgan recover efficiently and effectively after the financial crisis, he should have monitored and controlled the trading activities identifying and measuring their risk exposures. Treasury Department It was stated in a Wall Street Journal that during the period where the Chief Investment Office traded risky complex bonds resulting in more than five billion in losses, a treasurer was surprisingly absent! The person responsible for risk management was incompetent or inexperienced and was appointed in charge of the department as a result of internal connection. Risk Management Department Overall JP Morgans management underestimates the severity and complexity of their risky decisions along with the substantial consequential losses. They simply classified the disaster as executing hedges poorly and failing to monitor them properly (Mike, 2012) There should have been recognition regarding the monitoring of such risky investments in order to prevent the severity of such losses from occurring. Given that the credit risks were identified and measured before the trading activities occurred; it is the managements responsibility to oversee the outcomes of their actions periodically. There should have been predictions and oversight of economic and market changes that would affect their positions so greatly. Resolving the Problem The managements attempt to solve the problem was very basic, simple and insufficient. They only dismiss traders like Ms. Drew and replacing her with similar traders with the same bonuses. Other than that, it is mentioned that various CIO executives left the organization after the loss occurred. This does not mean in any way that the losses will be compensated or prevented in the future. There should have been stricter controls on the employment of these traders in the first place. Competent traders and executives are crucial for a giant like JP Morgan especially when trading in risky activities like this one. JP Morgans Risk Management It is stated in the banks annual report that they have a wide range of processes and procedures to safeguard the banks stakeholders and to ensure sufficient business conduct. The giant has a substantial amount of staff concentrated in audit, compliance and legal departments reaching 3,600 workers. We know we wont always be perfect, but it wont be for lack of trying. (Chase, 2011) Market Risk Management Cycle The 2012 trading disaster highlights the inefficiencies in JP Morgans market risk management. It is described as the risk of unexpected unfavorable change in market prices leading to negative values of a firms financial instruments and portfolios. As defended in the Romney campaign, JP Morgans loss is a result of market risk. (WASHINGTON, 2012) The banks Chief Risk Officer is in charge of risk management. It is the main objective of controlling market risk is to decrease operational volatility, transparency of all market portfolios to senior managers, making efficient and effective decisions regarding investment returns. Senior Management and the Board of Directors are in charge of many market risk functions. They should create market risk strategy framework, approving and monitoring of limits, quantities and qualitative risk assessments like stress testing while of course measuring, monitoring and controlling the businesss market risk. Risk identification and classification All business lines are responsible for identifying the various market risks in each unit. Usually market risks result from activities like Mortgage production, Private or Corporate Equity, IB and CIO. For the specific disaster discussed in this essay, the market risk has led to substantial losses in the Chief Investment Office. Chief Investment Office Unit (CIO) This department deals with managing the risk involved in the different activities that JP Morgan deals with, mainly working with structural risks. The market risk is related by measuring the net and structural exposures of the various activities. It is true that the multibillion dollar loss was concentrated in the CIO unit of the bank, however, the problem or incompetence is not illustrates in the risk identification phase. The problem arose in a later stage of the cycle. Risk measurement Risk measurement is the process of using techniques that illustrate a firms risk exposure. JP Morgan utilizes several measures to get an accurate image of market risk through statistical and non- statistical measures. Value-at-risk The statistical risk measure is used by the bank to predict the probable loss exposure from negative market changes. Everyday this measure is calculated comprehensively as a part of risk management activities combining the majority of market risk factors. VaR is a significant technique that is stable across business. It allows the bank to compare and risk exposure to the monitoring limits set. This figure is then reported to senior management and used for capital and regulatory purposes. The problem with this technique is that it assumes that the historical data and values represent the immediate futures outcomes and distribution. The company sets a (95%) confidence level and losses are predicted to be more than the VaR value (5%). (Appendix1) According to the disaster that led to the multibillion dollar loss in 2012, it was said that the VaR measures were undervalued. CIO risk limits were not sufficiently granular; and the approval and implementation during the first quarter of 2012 of the CIO VaR model related to the synthetic credit portfolio had been inadequate. (Chase, 2012) VaR back-testing The bank performs the back VaR back testing on a daily basis. June 30, 2012 illustrates that three days VaR values exceeded the actual values due to the CIOs synthetic credit portfolio which encountered adverse market fluctuations. The histogram in (Appendix 2) illustrates the CIO market risk losses at this date. Economic-value stress testing This technique illustrates the banks exposure to unlikely but significant market changes. Scenarios are set that predict the maximum losses created by risk management valuations of macroeconomic events like financial crisis or disasters. They are updated on an ongoing basis reflecting the dynamic changes of markets. It is an efficient technique of controlling risk. They are also reported to senior management for transparency. Non-statistical risk measures Measures like interest rate basis and market values provide information about the banks market risk exposure. They are integrated with the risk type and line of business for monitoring and controls. Loss advisories and revenue drawdowns These are techniques that illustrate losses up to a specified limit. This technique should have been monitored when the loss exposure to the CIO reached multibillion dollars. The senior management should have picked up on such figures. Risk identification for large exposures This is used to identify the losses from specific events like change in tax regulations or variety of market fluctuations. This allows the bank to adequately monitor the earning sensitivity. Risk monitoring and control Limits JP Morgan controls market risk through the limits it sets like VaR and stress limits while incorporating non-statistical measures and profit /loss drawdowns mentioned above. These values reflect the firms risk appetite, liquidity, market volatility and management. They are also in line with the business portfolios. In the disaster discussed, it is obvious that the limits set were not as accurate and were not monitored well by risk managers and the senior managers. There should have been stricter control and limits when dealing with complex CIO activities. Model review Models mentioned above are used for management and monitoring of risk. The valuation models are used for risk management models and for calculating capital and regulatory requirement. If the model reviews were monitored by the Chief Risk Officer in an effective manner, there would have been clear indications of the loss exposures. (Appendix, 2) Risk reporting The measures and models discussed above are supposed to be reported on a daily basis to senior management. Other measures like trends; profit/loss, stress testing and portfolio changes are reported on a weekly basis. (Chase, 2012) This seems hard to believe in which the senior management were oblivious of the losses and market changes that led to the loss. As mentioned several times the CEO only learned about the issue through the articles. Effective Risk Management Strategy JP Morgan Chase was always known for its outstanding risk management. However, this trading loss could have been a result of their overconfidence and lack of monitoring. A new framework is required to help executives classify risk based on their relation to strategy and controllability. Risk is divided into three categories preventable, strategy and external risks. (Mike, 2012) Preventable Risks They consist of internal risk elements in the bank. They could be controlled, eliminated and managed by ongoing monitoring operational practices, executive involvement in employees decision, behaviors and activities. They are achieved through setting preventions, limits and norms. (Mikes, 2012) Strategy Risks This is the risk that JP Morgan takes voluntarily to make excessive returns. It was known for its smart risk taking activities. This type of risk is actually desirable as illustrated in the case. The CIO unit took significant risk to capture substantial gains. The banks risk management system needs to be more effective in reducing the materialization of strategy risk. They should also build plans for occasions that cover losses where these events occur. (Mikes, 2012) External risks These are the risks that have affected the CIO unit activities the most. They are the risks that are out of the banks control. The macroeconomic shifts that occurred affected the outcome of the investment and hedging goals intended. The approach needed to deal with external risk should be detailed and studied. There needs to be accurate detailed identification and mitigation of future activities. (Mikes, 2012) Conclusions Recommendations JP Morgan Chase went through a disastrous crunch in the first part of 2012. Their CIO synthetic credit portfolio aiming to hedge against the stressed credit environment did not perform as expected after 2011. Unfortunately, the complex derivative portfolio changes in size and characteristics and so lead to a substantial increase in risk association. Before June 30, 2012; the CIO synthetic portfolio lost $4.4 billion and $5.8 billion. The transfer of a segment of the portfolio to the IB led to the additional loss of $ 800 million and $1.7 billion. These conclusions are a result of the analysis and review of stress testing and simulated scenario techniques. (Chase, 2012) After examining the banks strategic management and risk management cycle it is obvious that the disaster occurred as a result of overconfidence and lack of monitoring and reporting transparency. The senior management was not aware of the losses and defects that were occurring. Some of JP Morgans executives were al so described as being inexperienced. The CIO traders involved in the disaster have also stepped down or have been replaced. However, it is also suggested that this problem would have occurred with even flawless risk management. They could be due to the sudden changes in the market and sudden actions after April 10, 2012. It is demonstrated that the techniques used to measure and identify market risk are not the problem. JP Morgan utilizes efficient and sophisticated risk management techniques. The problem lies in the monitoring and reporting segment of the risk management cycle. If the CEO knew about the problem before reading the article, they could have managed the situation differently. In order to avoid future issues in miscommunication and risk monitoring JP Morgan Chase need to adapt or make use of a new framework that segments risk into preventable, strategy and external parts. By dividing them and setting risk management for each division they will be able to forecast and hedge against losses in a more effective manner. They have also taken measures after the disaster for the bank to recover its losses. (Appendix, 3) Works Cited Bianco, J., 2012. Understanding J.P. Morgans Loss, And Why More Might Be Coming. [Online] Available at: https://www.ritholtz.com/blog/2012/05/understanding-j-p-morgans-loss-and-why-more-might-be-coming/ [Accessed 15 November 2012]. Chase, J. M., 2011. 2011 ANNUAL REPORT. [Online] Available at: https://files.shareholder.com/downloads/ONE/2169295553x0x556139/75b4bd59-02e7-4495-a84c-06e0b19d6990/JPMC_2011_annual_report_complete.pdf [Accessed 14 November 2012]. Chase, J. M., 2012. CORP Q2 2012. [Online] Available at: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/19617/000001961712000264/jpm-2012063010q.htm#s3B241053CD178D0FE04E57787E0ACC5A [Accessed 16 Novemebr 2012]. Denning, S., 2012. The Risky Risk Management Practices at JPMorgan Chase. Forbes, 18 May. DiSavino, C. P. a. S., 2012. Regulators cut JPMorgans ability to trade power. [Online] Available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/15/us-jpmorgan-ferc-powertrading-idUSBRE8AE08L20121115 [Access ed 19 November 2012]. JPM, W., 2012. JPMorgan And Wells Fargo Report Record Profits, Potential Long-Term Opportunities. [Online] Available at: https://seekingalpha.com/article/938381-jpmorgan-and-wells-fargo-report-record-profits-potential-long-term-opportunities [Accessed 16 Novemeber 2012]. Kopecki, D., 2012. JPMorgan Posts Trading Loss on 10 Days as Derivative Bet Unwinds. [Online] Available at: https://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-11-08/jpmorgan-posts-trading-loss-on-10-days-as-derivative-bet-unwinds [Accessed 10 November 2012]. Mike, R. K. a. A., 2012. JP Morgans Loss: Bigger than Risk Management. Harvard Business Review, 23 May. Mikes, R. S. K. a. A., 2012. Managing Risks: A New Framework. [Online] Available at: https://hbr.org/2012/06/managing-risks-a-new-framework/ar/1 [Accessed 16 Novemebr 2012]. Remy Raisner, C., 2012. Where Does JPMorgan Stand Now. Seeking Alpha, 8 November. SILVER-GREENBERG, J., 2012. JPMorgan Sues Boss of London Wha le in Trading Loss. [Online] Available at: https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2012/10/31/jpmorgan-sues-boss-of-london-whale/ [Accessed 10 November 2012]. WASHINGTON, 2012. Romney campaign defends JPMorgan loss as market risk. [Online] Available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/05/15/us-usa-campaign-romney-jpmorgan-idUSBRE84E0NX20120515 [Accessed 14 November 2012].

The Manipulation Of Iago In Othello - 1112 Words

Throughout the play Shakespeare presents Iago as the most manipulative character.Iago attempts to control and manipulate the characters by revealing and exploiting their fatal flaw to bring about their downfall. At the beginning of the play the audience witness Iagos manipulation toward Roderigo. Roderigo is blinded by his love for Desdemona and is prepared to try anything to win her heart.This makes it easy for Iago to manipulate Roderigo since he knows Roderigo is controlled by his emotions and therefore is not a logical thinker. Roderigo is initially displeased with Iago as he has paid him to promote a marriage between him and Desdemona.He first pinpoints the enemy of Othello by telling Roderigo that Othello has just eloped with his†¦show more content†¦This antithesis suggests everything is not what it seems creating dramatic irony and foreshadowing future events. Additionally, Shakespeare uses harsh, negative language to make Iago’s dialogue uncomfortable for the audience. Phrases such as ‘plague with flies’, ‘tupping’, ‘devil’ and ‘beast with two backs’ makes it obvious for the audience that Iago is the enemy of the pl ay and begins to show his manipulative nature. Some people may say that Iago uses words as weapons in order to shock, scare and control people which leads to Othello’s disintegration. The use of ‘devil’ is also slightly ironic as Iago is using it to describe Othello when in actual fact he himself is the devilish, villainous character. Iago’s language is especially dominant when he speaks to Brabantio as he melodramatically uses the repetition of the noun ‘Thieves’ to describe Othello’s marriage to Desdemona, this negative connotation implies that something has been stolen from Brabantio and that Desdemona is a possession to be owned by a man. Iago takes the love that Desdemona has for Othello and turns it into a crime in order to ‘rouse’ Brabantio so that Iago has the power and control in the conversation. A Shakespearean audience would have connected to Iagos behaviour due to Desdemona’s disloyalty to her father because it was the fathers responsibility to give his daughters hand in marriage. Alternatively a modern day audience would have not seenShow MoreRelatedAnalytical Essay Othello1047 Words   |  5 PagesAll these themes are present in Othello. Most dominant, however, are manipulation and jealousy. Jealousy runs the characters’ lives in Othello from the beginning of the play, when Roderigo is jealous of Othello because he wishes to be with Desdemona, and to the end of the play, when Othello is furious with jealousy because he believes Cassio and Desdemona have been engaging in an affair, but manipulation the prominent action that fuels the jealousy within Othello. 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Annuity And Sinking Fund - Solution is Just a Click Away

Question: Discuss about the Annuity and Sinking Fund? Answer: The plan is to expand Vinyl Fence Company within the future emulated by the purchase of a new facility of the warehouse for attaining the goal. The insurance company offers two options of the attractive investment i.e. an ordinary annuity and an annuity that is due, which compounds quarterly and pays 8 percent interest on an annual basis within a five year period. The five year budget would incorporate a savings of up to $2500.00 per quarterly basis. It is further realized that there would be a need to replace a fence post i.e. a molding machinery which would be selling for $45000. I have estimated that I will to purchase this machine within 3 years and Im planning on saving for such purchase utilizing a sinking fund compounding on a semiannual basis and hence have a earning of around 12 percent annual rate. Annuities are a series of fixed payments to be paid to a person, business or an individual and a business over a certain time frame. Commonly, these payments are made bi-annually, yearly, quarterly or on a month-to-month basis. Future value of an ordinary annuity: $60,742.50 Future value of annuity due: $65,601.90 The annuity due option would be a better choice, annuity due accumulates interest one more period more than the ordinary annuity, but has the same number of payments (Cleaves, et.al, 2014, p. 504). A sinking fund is a fund that is set up by a party to use for a specific purpose at a future date. In this case the sinking fund is for a fence post molding machine. Calculation of sinking fund: PMT = FV(R/1+R)^n-1) R = 12%/2 = 0.06 periodic interest rate N = 3(2) = 6 FV = 45,000 = 45,000 x (0.06/1+0.06)^6-1) =$6451.32 The longer-term warehouse annuity option chosen gives the business savings of $4859.40 from the other option. Compared to the short-term timeframe ad higher interest rate of the sinking fund, the remaining savings can be channeled to a savings fund in anticipation of a savings fund to be made in the long term from the annuity method chosen. The expansion of a building will mean that more revenue streams will be generated for the company. There is also likely of reaching new markets and diversifying the portfolio of the business. But with the expansion, efficiency and being able to meet the needs of the expanded market reach will be crucial for the thriving of the business. For the moment, the fence post -molding machine is still functional but will reach its useful lifespan in the near future. It will be wise foe the business to focus on what will make it better when it expands like saving for a new machine and acquiring extra warehouse space. In order to prioritize the purchases a plan is important. The business will need to identify the kind of revenues it will expect to generate after expansion to see if it can be able to raise the required payments for the machine can be purchased through help in financing and the extra revenues generated from the expansion of the business subjected towards the semi-annual payments. Reference Cleaves, C, Hobbs, M, Noble, J (2014) Business Math. 10th Ed. Pearson

Motion Lab Conclusion free essay sample

The purpose of this Motion Lab was to find the acceleration of a steel marble going down a straight track six different times to figure out how an object’s mass affects acceleration. It doesn’t due to Newton’s second law of motion. There were six different accelerations for each trial and they are: 7. 88 m/s squared, 6. 78 m/s squared, 6. 07 m/s squared, 5. 57 m/s squared, 4. 32 m/s squared, and 5. 11 m/s squared. It’s possible to use any two points to figure out and calculate acceleration due to gravity. Sir Isaac Newton used the word â€Å"mass† as a synonym for â€Å"quantity of matter. † Today, we precisely define mass as a â€Å"measure of inertia of a body. † The more mass an object has the more difficult it is to change it’s state of motion, whether it is at rest or moving without net force acting on that body. In other words, without an outside force a body will remain still if still, if moving, keep moving in the same direction at a constant speed. We will write a custom essay sample on Motion Lab Conclusion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and is inversely proportional to its mass. Also, the direction of the acceleration is in the direction of the net force acting on the object. Mathematically, this proportionally. In other words, if the mass is constant, the force and acceleration are directly proportional which is corresponding in two states. To calculate the acceleration of the ball at the time of impact, subract the ball’s initial speed (which is zero) from it’s final speed and divide by the time it took to hit the targer. In this lab, acceleration is independent of mass, but does depend on diameter (since the ball is rolling, not sliding or free-falling) the force imparted to the target ball had (about) the same acceleration, but different masses. One of the possible conditions of motion used is: Rest, from the steel marble starting at the top of the inclined track at 0 then rolled down, causing another condition of motion; acceleration due to the time it took the marble to fall down from the incline of the track. And the last possible condition of motion is net force, which the direction of the acceleration is in the direction of the net force acting on the object. As for my sources of error; I made mistakes by changing my last two positions of photogate b too far but I went back to the pattern I was using before it was too late to turn it in, as you can see. So I don’t have any but next time I will pay closer attention and try not to do something off the wall to mess up my calculations or graph. An object at rest will stay at rest, forever, as long as nothing pushes or pulls on it. An object in motion will stay in motion, traveling in a straight line, forever, until something pushes or pulls on it. The â€Å"forever† part is difficult to swallow sometimes. But imagine that you have three ramps set up, also imagine that the ramps are infinitely long and infinitely smooth. You let a marble roll down the first ramp, which is set at a slight incline. The marble speeds up on its way down the ramp. Now, you give a gentle push to the marble going down uphill on the second ramp. It slows down as it goes up. Finally, you push a marble on a ramp that represents the middle state between the first two – in other words, a ramp that is perfectly horizontal. In this case, the marble will neither slow down nor speed up. In fact, it should keep rolling.

Importance of Jade in Chinese Culture

Importance of Jade in Chinese Culture Jade is a metamorphic rock that is naturally colored green, red, yellow, or white. When it polished and treated, the vibrant colors of jade can be extraordinary. The most popular kind of jade in Chinese culture is green jade, which has an emerald hue.   Called 玉 (yà ¹) in Chinese, jade is important to Chinese culture because of its beauty, practical use, and social value. Here is an introduction to jade and why it is so important to Chinese people. Now when you browse through an antique shop, jewelry store, or museum, you can impress your friends with your knowledge of this important stone. Types of Jade Jade is classified into soft jade (nephrite) and hard jade (jadeite). Since China only had soft jade until jadeite was imported from Burma during the Qing dynasty (1271–1368 CE), the term jade traditionally refers to nephrite, and so soft jade is also called traditional jade. In preColumbian America, only hard jade was available; all Native American jades are jadeite. Burmese jadeite is called feicui in Chinese. Feicui is now more popular and valuable than soft jade in China today. History of Jade Jade has been a part of Chinese civilization from the earliest days. Chinese jade was used as a material for practical and ornamental purposes at an early period in history, and it continues to be very popular today. The earliest Chinese jade is from the early Neolithic period Hemudu culture in Zhejian Province (about 7000–5000 BCE). Jade was an important part of ritual contexts in the middle to late Neolithic periods, such as the Hongshan culture that existed along the Lao River and the Liangzhu culture in the Tai Lake region (both date between 4000–2500 BCE). Carved jade has also been found in sites dated to the Longshan culture (3500–2000 BCE) by the Yellow River; and the Bronze age cultures of Western and Easter Zhou dynasties (11th–3rd centuries BCE). In  Ã¨ ª ªÃ¦â€"‡è § £Ã¥ ­â€" (shuo  wen  jie  zi), the first Chinese dictionary published in the early second century CE, jade was described as beautiful stones by the writer Xu Zhen. Jade has been a familiar substance in Chinese culture for a very long time. Uses of Chinese Jade Archaeological artifacts of jade include sacrificial  vessels, tools, ornaments,  utensils, and many other items. Ancient music instruments were made out of Chinese jade, such as the yuxiao  (a flute made of jade and played vertically), and chimes. The beautiful color of jade made it a mysterious stone to the Chinese in ancient times, so jade wares were popular as sacrificial vessels and were often buried with the dead. One example of the ritual importance of jade is the burial of the body of Liu Sheng, a prince of the Zhongshan State (Western Han Dynasty) who died around 113 BCE. He was buried in a  jade suit  composed of 2,498 pieces of jade stitched together with gold thread. Importance of Jade in Chinese Culture Chinese people love jade not only because of its aesthetic beauty but also because of what it represents regarding social value. In the Li Ji (Book of Rites), Confucius said that there are 11 De, or virtues, represented in jade: benevolence, justice, propriety, truth, credibility, music, loyalty, heaven, earth, morality, and intelligence. The wise have likened jade to virtue. For them, its polish and brilliancy represent the whole of purity; its perfect compactness and extreme hardness represent the sureness of intelligence; its angles, which do not cut, although they seem sharp, represent justice; the pure and prolonged sound, which it gives forth when one strikes it, represents music. Its color represents loyalty; its interior flaws, always showing themselves through the transparency, call to mind sincerity; its iridescent brightness represents heaven; its admirable substance, born of mountain and of water, represents the earth. Used alone without ornamentation it represents chastity. The price that the entire world attaches to it represents the truth. Book of Rites In the Shi Jing  (Book of Odes), Confucius wrote: When I think of a wise man, his merits appear to be like jade. Book of Odes Thus, beyond monetary worth and materiality, jade is greatly prized as it stands for beauty, grace, and purity. As the Chinese saying goes: gold has a value; jade is invaluable.   Jade in the Chinese Language Because jade represents desirable virtues, the word for jade (yu) is incorporated into many Chinese idioms and proverbs to denote beautiful things or people. For example, å† °Ã¦ ¸â€¦Ã§Å½â€°Ã¦ ´  (bingqing yujie), which directly translates to clear as ice and clean as jade is a Chinese saying that means someone is pure and noble. ä º ­Ã¤ º ­Ã§Å½â€°Ã§ «â€¹ (tingting  yuli) is a phrase used to describe something or someone that is fair, slim, and graceful. Additionally, 玉å ¥ ³ (yà ¹nÇš), which means jade woman,  is a term for a lady or beautiful girl.   A popular thing to do in China is to use the Chinese character for jade in Chinese names. The Supreme Deity of Taoism is known as Yuhuang  Dadi (the Jade Emperor). Chinese Stories About Jade Jade is so ingrained in Chinese culture that there are famous stories about Jade (here called bi). The two most famous tales are He Shi Zhi Bi (Mr. He and His Jade or Hes Jade Disc) and Wan Bi Gui Zhao (Jade Returned Intact to Zhao). The stories involve a man named Bian He and a piece of jade that eventually became a symbol of united China. He Shi Zhi Bi tells the story of Mr. He and how he found a piece of raw jade and tried to give it to two generations of kings, but they didnt recognize it as valuable and cut off his feet as punishment for trying to pass off an unworthy stone. Eventually, the grandson of the first king finally had his jeweler cut the stone open and found the raw jade; it was carved into a disc and named after Mr. He by that grandson, Wenwang, the king of the Chu State, around 689 BCE. Wan Bi Gui Zhao is the follow-up story of this famous jade. The carved disc was subsequently stolen from the Chu State and eventually ended up owned by the Zhao. The king of the Qin State, the most powerful state during the Warring States Period (475–221 BCE), attempted to buy the jade disc back from the Zhao State in exchange for 15 cities. (Jade is known as ä » ·Ã¥â‚¬ ¼Ã¨ ¿Å¾Ã¥Å¸Å½, Valued at multiple cities because of this story.) However, he failed. Eventually, after some amount of political chicanery, the jade disc was returned to the Zhao State. In 221 BCE, the emperor Qin Shi Huangdi conquered the Zhao state, and as the ruler and founder of the Qin dynasty, he had the disc carved into a seal representing the new united China. The seal was part of the royal stores in China for 1,000 years before being lost during the Ming and Tang dynasties. Source Wu Dingming. 2014. A Panoramic View of Chinese Culture. Simon and Schuster.

Heres a Format to Use for Your Law School Resume

Heres a Format to Use for Your Law School Resume Your  law school resume  can be one of the most important parts of your application and you probably already know it shouldn’t follow the same format as a general resume for employment. You want to give the admissions council the best summary of your most important work, experiences, and skills.   Below youll find a general template for you to follow when writing your law school resume, but remember, before you start writing, you should always ask yourself some  basic information-gathering questions  so you’re all set up to just fill in these categories. Consult your pre-law advisor and your college’s career services center if you have any questions and make sure several people review your resume. Also, feel free to play around with the titles of categories as well as the order; if something doesn’t make sense to include in your resume, or if you feel something else should be highlighted in a different way, don’t be afraid to make your law school resume fit your qualifications after all, it is yours and should put your achievements in the best possible light. For example, if you speak ten languages, you should think about having a whole section simply called â€Å"Languages† to make that stand out. If you’ve consistently held leadership roles in organizations, you may choose to create a category entitled â€Å"Leadership.† Main Categories of Law School Resumes Education List the college institution, location (city and state), degree or certificate earned including areas of study, and the year you earned it. If you didn’t earn a degree or certificate, list the dates of attendance. You should also include study abroad experiences here. You may also list your GPA and GPA in your major for each institution attended (especially if higher than your overall GPA); you can also include your class rank, but only if it will look impressive (anything lower than top 30% probably doesn’t need to be included). Honors Awards List any honors and awards you have achieved and what year you earned them. Don’t list high school or high school achievements unless they’re extraordinary like you were in the Olympics and if you were in the Olympics, you might consider having a whole other section just on your athletic career as you probably have received other related awards as well. Employment, Work Experience, or Experience List your position, the name of the employer, location (city and state), and the dates you were employed there. If it was a part-time position during school, list the number of hours you worked per week, but not if it was only two or three. Also list your job duties under each one, making sure to note any recognition or special achievements (for example, increased sales by 30% in your first year as a section manager, etc.). Quantifying your work for each organization, if possible, makes it easier for admissions to see how and what you contributed. Always start your job descriptions with strong action words (directed, lead, mentored, organized, etc.) to convey purpose and direction. Skills, Achievements Other Activities In this section, you can list foreign languages, membership in other organizations, and basically anything else you’d like to highlight in your experiences that haven’t yet made it onto your law school resume. Some applicants use this section to list their technical proficiencies including any computer programs they have experience with. This is one of the sections you may consider renaming according to your personal experiences.

Imprisonment in Recent Financial Collapse Assignment - 1

Imprisonment in Recent Financial Collapse - Assignment Example The situation resulted in heightened joblessness and social insecurity. Restoration of financial strength required intervention by respective governments as in case of United States it was the Bush administration who responded with a financial relief program for major firms, â€Å"The Troubled Asset Relief Program, or TARP -- to provide these financial institutions with funds to survive the turmoil that they had helped unleash. It was a distasteful but necessary thing to do.† (Obama, 2010). Yes, the intellectual crime can be termed a serious crime and the response should be tried and imprisoned but only if it was a deliberate crime that can be attributed to an individual or a group. However, if it is not the case and there is no one to take the burden of this heavy odd to world economy then we have to revisit our approach to the issue. The best response to an intelligence failure is to redress it intellectually. Recovery from the recent financial crisis, no matter to what an extent we have recovered, is also featured through the help of the same experts, intellectuals, and firms. If masses were troubled due to the worst financial slum of the history they also owe to the efforts of the financial experts who find a way out to restore and regain the financial strength. Nevertheless, if some organizations or individuals who were supposed to protect the financial integrity and economic structure and they could not meet the expectations can be interrogated for their failure to avoid any such mistakes in the future. Even then if some segments find it indispensable, a mechanism of penalty can be designed to intensify the sentence. That is what the American president has uttered a year ago while imposing a Financial Crisis Responsibility Fee, â€Å"And that is why, through this fee and broader reforms that we seek, our goal is not to punish Wall Street firms, but rather to prevent the abuse and excess that nearly caused the collapse of many of these firms and the financial system itself.† (Obama, 2010).

Costco Wholesale Corporation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Costco Wholesale Corporation - Case Study Example Though less readily measurable, it is apparently accompanied by a shrinking of activities for the few remaining general merchandising wholesalers and a loss of sales for small stores carrying women's and children's apparel, particularly in low and medium-quality lines. Costco is a closed-door store which allows only "members" access to the store through membership eligibility as defined by rather broad classifications of government employees, teachers, union members, or employees of government contractors (see Appendix 4). The chain carries a wide range of soft goods and apparel, but also gives major attention to furniture, appliances, food, and automotive supplies. Several of the closed door operations have recently opened their doors to the general public. "Examples of Costco's incredible annual sales volumes included 96,000 carats of diamonds (2006), 1.5 million televisions, $300 million worth of digital cameras, 28 million rotisserie chickens (over 500,000 weekly), 40 percent of the Tuscan olive oil bought in the United States, $16 million worth of pumpkin pies during the fall holiday season, $3 billion worth of gasoline, 21 million prescriptions, and 52 million $1.50 hot dog/soda pop combinations" (Thompson p. 2008, p. C5). Low operating margins achieved through volume sales and limited service expenditures for clerks, delivery, credit, and so on have allowed prices which average about 15% below those of the department stores and specialty shops with which discount stores compete in the sale of soft goods. Full-size food supermarkets are being established within many of the new large discount stores. Because of consumers' long experience in comparing food values between stores and because of the frequency of food store visits by the average family, these food departments are attractive to the soft-goods stores as traffic builders, and are frequently operated with planned narrow margins (or even planned losses) to maximize their drawing power (Costco Home P age 2008). Chief Elements of the Costco's strategy The uniqueness of Costco strategy is that it proposes advantages and benefits to its members only, except gasoline and beverage products. The closed-door stores depend primarily on word of mouth and on mail promotion to their members to publicize the attractive values offered. Costco does not make extensive use of advertising media to give publicity to the low prices and special values which they offer. Major retail innovations involve an "invention" of new means of performing the retailing function. They are dependent on concomitant developments in products, in physical handling technology, and in organization at the wholesale supply level; but, most important of all, they are dependent on changes in the income, location, and style of life of consumers (Drejer 2002). In contrast to other retailers, Costco proposes wide product rage: "Whereas typical supermarkets stocked about 40,000 items and a Wal-Mart Supercenter or a SuperTarget might have as many as 150,000 items for shoppers to choose from, Costco's merchandising strategy was to

An Effective Counsellor Essay Example for Free

An Effective Counsellor Essay Counsellors should continually assess their own feelings and needs to maintain an appropriate relationship with the client. There are issues that a counsellor should be aware of when doing a self-assessment; The counsellor should be aware of when they feel uncomfortable with a client or a topic being discussed. The counsellor must choose to either be honest with the discomfort of a situation or topic, or they may refer the client to another counsellor. The counsellor should be aware of their own avoidance strategies. The counsellor must be able to recognize when they avoid certain topics, or allow distractions and then find an effective way to facilitate help appropriately. The counsellor should be able to recognize when they are trying to control a situation. It is important that the counsellor engage in responsive listening so that theyre not controlling the communication process. The counsellor must remind themselves continuously that any issue being discussed has many perspectives and that theirs may be different, from that of the clients. It is important not to express whether the clients view is right or wrong. The counsellor must avoid being omnipotent. It is not the counsellors job to make the client better. It is the counsellors job to help facilitate the client in addressing and resolving the issues. It is also important that the counsellor identifies and responds to positive feelings, and that they dont just focus on negative ones. This provides balance for the client and allows them to amplify positive strengths in their lives. Lastly, the counsellor must keep in mind to never ask a question, or discuss a 1 topic that you would not be able to discuss in a similar situation. These issues should always be addressed when a Counsellor is engaging in a self-assessment. By completing a self-assessment I was able to address my values, skills, attributes and my interests. I identified that while I am not a judgemental person, I do hold values that if not addressed prior to a situation could cause myself to become close-minded and that would ultimately put a barrier up in my ability to help the client. I also was able to identify how I can use my skills and attributes to counsel my clients in a positive manner. I have identified that I try to find a positive in all situations but I dont ever be-little the seriousness of the topic at hand. With a self-assessment I am able to recognize when and how to communicate appropriately with a client. The individuals I support will be able to discuss issues with me and feel comfortable knowing that I dont judge or assume things about them. Both my verbal and non-verbal skills will make this evident to the client. As a registered Developmental Service Worker I could be taking on a role as a counsellor where self-assessment is crucial as it is important to be able to identify when or if I am not dealing with a situation or topic appropriately. I will use the skill of self-assessment in any other role whether that be taking on a position as a Personal Support Worker or working in a group home. It is important that I am able to identify my strengths and weaknesses when it comes to helping a client and that I am able to do so in a way that is prudent. It is also important to continually perform a self-assessment as situations change or evolve. A counsellor who understands how they communicate and who has self-awareness is likely to be more effective in helping the client, then those who are not aware of these issues. Counsellors who are able to identify aspects such as if a topic being discussed makes them feel uncomfortable, if the topic goes against their own values or beliefs, if it is causing different emotions in themselves and why that may be, if they are projecting these feelings and whether or not they are really listening to the 2 client. Continual self-awareness is crucial to the development of the counsellor and their ability to help the client.

The Lost Boy Essay -- essays research papers

THE LOST BOY SOCW 3220: Human Behavior II ABSTRACT   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Imagine a boy who is nine years old and who is alone. He doesn't have a home, and the only possession he has is what he can carry in a brown paper bag. In the novel The Lost Boy, the author David Pelzer tells his experience of this first hand. David was removed from his abusive biological mother when he was nine years old and placed into a foster home.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Soon after his first placement, he began to come out of his shell. He was going through an adjustment period where he had to get use to being a boy instead of it. During this transition he became overly aggressive, and full of energy. This energy and aggression landed him in trouble on a few occasions. He was forced to move from one foster home to the next because of this trouble.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During this period, David not only had to adjust to his new surroundings; he also had to adjust to the awkward years of adolescence. This adjustment was especially hard for David because he was never really a boy. However, he was able to overcome it and grow up to live a normal life, as a pilot for the Air Force.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the novel The Lost Boy, the main character was David Pelzer. David became a foster child because he was severely abused by his alcoholic mother. This book looks at his life from ages 9 to 18, when he was a foster child. The theoretical concept of development that applies to David during this stage of his life is Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory has eight stages of development. These stages are as follows: Stage  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Crisis  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Age Important Event 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Basic trust versus basic mistrust  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Birth to 18 months Feeding 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Autonomy versus Shame and doubt 18 months to 3 years Toileting 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Initiative versus guilt   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3 to 6 years  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  &n... ... their children to associate with him. This was evident when David tried to talk to a girl he liked in his neighborhood. David went to her house to speak to her, but instead of speaking to her he spoke to her mother. She told David that she did not know why they allowed his kind in the neighborhood. She said that he was a filthy hooligan, and he reeked of street trash. He was told that he is not allowed to talk to her children or approach her house. This response is an example of issues of diversity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Because David was different from these women's family, she did not approve of him. This type of prejudice is evident throughout the novel. Many people told David that the sooner he learns that he is only an F-child, the better off he will be. He was told to stick with his own kind. This was just a different type of prejudice that David went through. I though that this novel was very well written. It kept my attention and made me want to read more. I would recommend that this novel be read by all social workers that want to work with abused or fostered children.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Equiano’s Travel Questions

1. Olaudah Equiano represented a confluence of African and European cultures. While he spent only his childhood in Africa, Equiano remained cognizant of his African heritage and tied to his cultural roots. Yet he also embraced British culture and customs with prodigious alacrity. Equiano imbibed British ideas about liberty, commerce, Protestant religion, and social habits and mores. He even married an Englishwoman, Susan Cullen, and lived out his days in London. In short, Equiano lionized British society and sought to emulate his white peers.How does Equiano define his identity? Is he African? Is he British? How do you explain this hybridity? 2. Equiano was baptized into the Christian faith at the age of fourteen in 1759. What role does religion play in his life? Discuss Equiano’s relationship with God and his belief in the fatalism of Providence. 3. Equiano purchased his freedom for forty pounds at the age of twenty-one in 1766. Throughout his narrative, he became an able and astute entrepreneur. What role does the economy play in Equiano’s life? In what ways does commerce make him a modern man?What is Equiano’s economic solution to slavery at the end of the book? 4. Equiano was familiar with the entire system of slavery from Africa to the Middle Passage to plantation life in the West Indies and United States. How do his experiences of African slavery and New-World slavery compare? What is his view of slavery? Is it so simple as a one-sided condemnation, or is it more complicated? Does Equiano accept slavery under any circumstances? Are their ways in which it is legitimized? 5. Autobiography is a literary genre that allows the author to recall and record events from his or her past.Intentionally or not, however, sometimes autobiographers reinvent their pasts to their advantage. Memory and interpretation can obscure what actually took place. In what ways does Equiano appeal to the reader? Does he present a judicious and balanced view of his life, or is this book merely an exercise in propaganda? 6. If all of these questions fail to stimulate your interest, creativity, and analytical apparatuses, you may create your own paper topic provided you receive my approval well in advance.

Explorer Persuasive Research Essay Essay

The world is full of many explorers, much of many who honestly are unqualified and are worthless, as explorers. In contrast, once they do a single thing that is miraculous and they change the entire perspective of who they are and what they are really capable of. Out of any explorer out there my explorer is beyond the best explorer, not only for what he has done, but for his very own name. My explorers name is Alvar Nunez Cabeza De Vaca, which in contrast from every other explorer has the coolest and weirdest name out there. For many of you who don’t necessarily know what Cabeza de Vaca means, it means Cow head. Although his name was weird and funny catching, he also was the first to do much of many things, like being the first European to describe America from Florida through Arizona. His writing is the oldest out of any other about history we have of the Native Americans, and he set out the stage for the conquest of this continent. Many people wonder how come he got the name of Cabeza de Vaca, or Head of a Cow. It’s strange to have a name like that because there is no reflection and there is no moral behind it, and no one can ever imagine having a name like that. The way he got his name, just shows how much of a cool explorer he really was. He was born in 1490 into Spanish nobility. His ancestors had long been warriors, which continued for generations. One of his ancestors got that name after he was victorious in a battle after following a trail marked with cow skulls. This name stuck with him and continued on to Alvar Nunez. This name distinguished him as a fine officer in battles. He was immune to suffering. This gave him his popularity and a name to be known as, which unlike any other explorer is something not many others have thus making him the best. Cow Head, was the first European to describe America from Florida through Arizona. In June 17, 1527: He leaves Spain with 299 other men and his captain, where he was appointed crown treasurer of the expedition, which was an important position. During this exploration, Vaca lived various events, which led to the description of it in its own. He described villages he saw, how he survived and what America’s Natives told him at various places along his way. This description influenced Coronado and DeSoto: two men who changed this continent forever. An explorer who lives extreme adventures, describes and influences men who changed this continent, is one amazing thing that not all explorers did, which further more proves that this Cow Head guy is the best without doubt. If he hadn’t influenced anyone, these changes on the continent wouldn’t have happened, and whether that could have been a good thing or not, it changed our way of life now. His writings were the oldest, but had the most meaningful information on the Indians. These were people who the Spanish had to defeat or make peace with to conquer this new world of the Americas. Vaca’s writing gave new explorers detailed information, about who the Indians were and how to live among them. This gave a great advantage to the Spanish, because Vaca set the stage or mood to conquer these people. His explorations and discoveries led to the defeat and birth of a new world that wasn’t yet known. Other people may have discovered the Americas, but they didn’t conquer it, and although Vaca didn’t do it physically, he did it through the course of his time there, because he analyzed, composed, and delivered. Cabeza de Vaca, the man who inherited the name of Head of a Cow, was the best explorer. He made possible everything that is today, for his adventure changed the continent through his writing and the people who he influenced. He experienced many triumphs and amazing occasions, in which he is well known to this day for. So the next time you think of a great explorer, don’t think about someone who just got lucky, but think of Vaca and all of the great, historical achievements he still leads on to this day.

Fahrenheit 451 †Survey of Censorship

Fahrenheit 451 – Survey of Censorship Free Online Research Papers This is a report about censorship around the world. Many groups and governments have censored books for different reasons. One book that has received a lot of censorship is the Bible. It is censored because of its good teachings and takes away power from the government. There are a number of examples where this is happening today. In happens mainly in Non-Christian and Communist countries such as Saudi Arabia, Cuba, China, Iran and Russia. For example; In Saudi Arabia, distributing Bibles by non-Muslims, is banned. A sign at a Saudi Arabian airport says travelers should surrender their non-approved religious books to officials before entering the country. They allow western families to bring in their own Bibles, if they do not bring in too many. In China, the government has published a list of â€Å"prohibited objects† for the 2008 Olympics in the village where athletes will stay. To the surprise of many, Bibles are among the objects that will not be allowed. The Spanish newspaper, La Razon said the rule was one of a number of â€Å"signs of censure and intolerance† towards religious objects, particularly those used by Christians in China. In Cuba, the prison in Camaguey, Cuba, banned the Bible from inmates cells. According to Aid to the Church in Need, Nine political prisoners, several of whom are journalists, used to read texts of the Bible aloud from their cells so that other prisoners around could listen. It was an original way to study the Bible and get spiritual support to these prisoners who are very badly treated. Few Bibles are allowed into the prisons. In Iran, police in Tehran beat a man for having a Bible in his car. According to Iran Focus, a Christian newspaper, â€Å"he was subjected to lashes on the back and underwent physical and psychological torture. Even in some parts of the U.S., the Gideons Bible distribution has been banned by some American school districts. It has even been banned in residence halls at the University of Edinburgh because it is discriminatory. In Russia, many translations of The Bible were banned by the â€Å"Index Librorum Prohibitorum† in the Catholic Church. During the Cold War, Gorbachev banned all exploitation of Bibles up until 1988. Myanmar (formerly Burma) has banned translation of the Bible into the countrys native languages, yet limit the control of trafficking Christian literature in certain circumstances. Research Papers on Fahrenheit 451 – Survey of CensorshipComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionQuebec and CanadaGenetic Engineering19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationCapital PunishmentNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This Nice

Free Essays on Ceasars Legion

Critique On The Book Ceasar's Legion Stephen Dando-Collins. Caesars’ Legion: The Epic Saga of Julius Caesar’s Elite Tenth and the Armies of Rome. New York: John Weiley & Sons, Inc. 2002. They were the most famous and accomplished military unit of their day, raised personally by Juluis Caesar as the first step in his relentless quest for power and glory. Caesar’s Tenth Legion took the lead role in all their battles, from their bloody initiation in Spain and Portugal to the conquest of Gaul, the invasion of Britain, and the battles of the Civil War. Stephan Dando-Collins provides and extraordinary detailed history of the Tenth Legion- it’s officers, it’s men, and it’s incredible string of victories, which continued even after Caesar’s death with the siege of Jerusalem. Based on the author’s thirty years of painfulness research into the Roman military, using sources ranging from classical texts to tombstone inscriptions. The ambitious Roman military built reputations through conquest, raw recruits, became harden foot soldiers, and the Tenth Legion became a killing machine. Marching, digging, charging, ramming down gates, s caling battles, storming through towns and villages, and slaughtering anyone whom stood in their way. Dando-Collins reveals unknown details about Roman military practices, conducts as a commander from Julius Caesar and his relationship with officers and legionaries. Stephan Dando-Collins is an Australian-born researcher, editor, and author who has spend the last three decades identifying and studying the individual legions of the Roman army of the late Republic and the empire of the Caesars. Collins 30 years research of the Roman army concentrates on the legions from 30B.C. - 233A.D. emphasizing on the Roman elite Legio X. Collins major topics are the Battle of Munda, saving the Swiss, overrunning the Germans, the conquest of Gaul, the invasion of Britain, the Battle of Pharalus, the murd... Free Essays on Ceasar's Legion Free Essays on Ceasar's Legion Critique On The Book Ceasar's Legion Stephen Dando-Collins. Caesars’ Legion: The Epic Saga of Julius Caesar’s Elite Tenth and the Armies of Rome. New York: John Weiley & Sons, Inc. 2002. They were the most famous and accomplished military unit of their day, raised personally by Juluis Caesar as the first step in his relentless quest for power and glory. Caesar’s Tenth Legion took the lead role in all their battles, from their bloody initiation in Spain and Portugal to the conquest of Gaul, the invasion of Britain, and the battles of the Civil War. Stephan Dando-Collins provides and extraordinary detailed history of the Tenth Legion- it’s officers, it’s men, and it’s incredible string of victories, which continued even after Caesar’s death with the siege of Jerusalem. Based on the author’s thirty years of painfulness research into the Roman military, using sources ranging from classical texts to tombstone inscriptions. The ambitious Roman military built reputations through conquest, raw recruits, became harden foot soldiers, and the Tenth Legion became a killing machine. Marching, digging, charging, ramming down gates, s caling battles, storming through towns and villages, and slaughtering anyone whom stood in their way. Dando-Collins reveals unknown details about Roman military practices, conducts as a commander from Julius Caesar and his relationship with officers and legionaries. Stephan Dando-Collins is an Australian-born researcher, editor, and author who has spend the last three decades identifying and studying the individual legions of the Roman army of the late Republic and the empire of the Caesars. Collins 30 years research of the Roman army concentrates on the legions from 30B.C. - 233A.D. emphasizing on the Roman elite Legio X. Collins major topics are the Battle of Munda, saving the Swiss, overrunning the Germans, the conquest of Gaul, the invasion of Britain, the Battle of Pharalus, the murd...

Slavery During American Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Slavery During American Revolution - Essay Example The Arawaks also provided food, gifts and water to Christopher Columbus and his crew upon arrival in the territories of America. All these humane care and concern as displayed by Arawaks to Columbus and his group were senseless in ensuring continued peace and freedom among the communities of the Arawaks. These events as faced by Arawaks marked the sad the beginning of the slavery and American Revolution. Derived from the meek nature of the Arawaks, Columbus and his group developed mechanisms and ideas of converting innocent and peasant community into their slaves (Zinn 1). In the reports of Zinn (1), Columbus and his group were pleased with the good bodies of the Arawaks and the fact that they lacked dread weapons earned Columbus and his group much confidence to pursue and subdue the Arawaks in their own land. Zinn (1) connotes Columbus saying, â€Å"They have no iron. They got spears made of cane†¦they would make fine servants†. Columbus and his group had well wedged iro n weapons, which they even witnessed, cut one of the Arawaks when he received the weapon from the Columbus by holding the sharp edge. Columbus was also coined arguing that the ignorance of the Arawaks is the reason as to why the cut themselves with the iron. Columbus and his group on realizing that Baham island s were rich in precious gold, he resorted to engage forced slavery in the extraction process of the gold (Zinn 1). In order to enhance the power of his crew, Columbus travelled back to Italy with elements of gold to convince king to add him some other personalities to help him utilize the Arawaks in mining of the gold. Zinn (1) confirms that Columbus used his boosted force to compel the miserable Arawaks work in the mines and obtain him gold under slavery. Much work with insufficient food led to suffocation of the Arawaks thus leading to their death in large numbers. According to Zinn (1), Columbus also seized and enslaved a population of Indians in the Caribbean Island after he recognized that they were equally non-brutal. The enslaved Indians worked in the gold rich mines to excavate gold that were later transported to Europe. Many Indian however faced death due to their stubbornness to the Europeans. Those who could not work as slaves harmed and killed. Zinn (1) also confirms that Columbus picked 500 strong men among the Indian and Arawak communities to load gold into the ships and journey to Europe. Some of the slaves boarded on the ships in the reports of Zinn (1) died on the way to adverse cold weather in the ocean. Those who managed to reach Spain were sold as slaves to the rich households in Spain. Indians were forcibly compelled to gather gold in the depleted gold mines. Failure to collect sufficient amount called for mistreatment. Zinn (1) further reports that, the massive murder was directed to the Arawaks who tried to rebel against the Europeans. In addition, Indian and Arawaks under imprisonment faced merciless hanging by the Spaniard armie s (Zinn 1). In the views of Zinn (1), Pizarro one of the successors of Columbus conceded vehement killing of Indians whom he considered as scarifies to his gods. Indians would resist the domination of the Europeans to convert them into slaves. Indians’ resistance made Europeans to advance numerous attacks against the Indians, which included destruction of crops and death of people and animals. Zinn (2) reports that the white settlers in Virginia indulged in large

The theoretical framework of social marketing Essay

The theoretical framework of social marketing - Essay Example (Canada Health, 2005) Social marketing is not a new concept it has been around for a long time in one form or the other. Ever since there have been societies people have tried to persuade, inform, motivate and some how gain acceptance for their ideas and hence bring about a change. But social marketing was first introduced as a discipline in 1970 by Philip Kotler and Gerald Zaltman when they realized that the same marketing principles and strategies used to sell products can be used to sell and promote ideas, attitudes and behaviors. Kotler emphasized that the only difference between marketing and social marketing was that in social marketing the aim is not to maximize the benefit for the seller but to bring about a social change. (Weinreich, 2006) Six basic principles of social management set it apart it from other marketing approaches. Firstly the marketing conceptual frame work is intended to bring about a change that is the ultimate goal of marketing is to influence an action. Secondly there should be recognition of competition as recommended behaviors almost always have competition that should be understood and addressed. Thirdly there is a consumer orientation which is the focus on meeting the needs of one's consumers. Fourthly seminal research is to be used to identify with consumer's desires and needs that is programs will be more successful if they are based on the target audience's own perceptions and views. Fifthly there is to be a segmentation and careful selection of the target audience as audiences are rarely consistent in their perceptions or likely responses to marketing efforts and thus should be separated. And sixthly there is to be constant monitoring and modification of program tactics as the market is cons tantly changing and the management should be ready to rapidly adjust and alter its strategies. (Social Marketing Institute, n.d) Social marketing relies on the commercial marketing's conceptual frame work to guide program development and implementation. This frame work places the consumer at the heart of the exchange process where they try to maximize their wants and needs and minimize their costs of doing so. There fore social marketing identifies consumer wants and needs and tries to develop ways to satisfy them. In other words social marketing focuses on the consumer and tries to learn what the consumer wants and thus attempts to provide for the his or her needs. The planning process takes this consumer focus into account by concentrating on the elements of the marketing mix. This refers to the Ps of social marketing which incorporate the four Ps of marketing which are price, product, place and promotion as well as a few others. (Meischke, n.d) The first "P" is the social marketing product which might not always be in physical form. Products can be tangible such as condoms, ideas such as environment protection, habits or practices such as healthy eating and even services such as regular medical check ups or exams. For the product to be effective the consumers have to identify the fact that they have a problem and that the product offers a good solution to that problem. Here research can be used to determine the consumer's perception of their problem and how willing they are to solve that problem. (Weinreich, 2006) The second "P" is price which refers to what the consumers

The Clouds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Clouds - Essay Example After realising that my digital camera would be unable to truly capture the vision before me, I put the device aside in order to study the cloud from every viewing point available to me. Although I am no meteorologist, this cloud is an outstanding specimen of nature. This is an enormous lenticular cloud, created and moulded by the wind. Hovering above the craggy horizon dominated by peaks competing for dominance, this cloud is a cohesive whole. Butting against the blue background in a scalloped and varying edge, it appears to be in overhanging layers. With edge conditions comparable to the exterior of a geode, less and less light flows through as the layers get deeper and lower. Through the varying shades of white, black and grey, I begin to fathom how large and intricate this formation truly is. This also makes for fascinating shadow play between the elements of this majestically still phenomenon, highlighting the collected microchasms creating the scene before me. Haunting my path throughout my explorations of the landscape, the cloud's massive thin and white expanse distinctly dominated an otherwise pristinely blue sky.

Improving FCAT sScores of students Essay Example for Free

Improving FCAT sScores of students Essay Since the first task is to find students who are willing to ask questions and seek help, it is imperative to build a working and trusting relation with the students. Knowing students and understanding their learning style should help them and the proponents of the study in meeting the collective obligation towards acquiring knowledge and preparing both parties for any challenge which include school testing or the state required Standard Testing. Further, it is expected to find cooperative teachers who are willing and able to work together to meet all of the student goals and the curriculum requirements. As mentioned before, if no cooperative work will take form among students, teachers, administrators and parents, the chances for students to be successful may diminish. There is an easy way for every teacher to help their students in preparing for the FCAT. In essence, teachers can include FCAT-like questions into the regular class lectures, activities as well as assessments. Primarily, teachers can use questions that necessitate students to elucidate their responses to the questions. Teachers can also have the students to relate their Reading and Mathematics skills utilizing challenging content from the various subject areas. The test questions included in the FCAT employ the content areas prescribed by the SSS which include the Arts, Language Arts and Mathematics, Science, Health and Physical Education, Social Studies as well as School-to-Work areas. Hence, every student must be handed the chances to apply their reading and mathematics skills in the content fields other than the plain customary mathematics as well as language arts. The majority of the text students after Grade 6 are needed to read and understand on FCAT is informational text which does not necessarily imply it as literature. Another way is for teachers to employ questions in which their formats are open-ended which are similar to the ones identified in the FCAT. AT least three distinct types of open-ended questions are used on the FCAT. These include the extended-response format, short-response type, and the gridded-response type. The first two formats (ER and SR) are applied only on the students of Grades 4, 8 and 10 Reading and Grades 5, 8, and 10 Math. The tests from Grades 5 to 10 in the Mathematics part of the FCAT apply the gridded-response format in the questions. The real amount of questions for every type differs a bit annually. Nevertheless, the percentage of the questions will fall just within the range illustrated in the table below: Percent of Questions for the FCAT Question Formats Subject and Grade Question Format Percent of Questions Read. — 4, 8, 10 Multiple Choice (MC) 85-90% ER and SR 10-15% Reading — 3, 5, 6, 7, 9 MC 100% Math — 3 4 MC 100% Math — 5 MC 60-70% GR 20-25%. ER SR 10-15% Math — 6, 7, 9 MC 60-70% GR 30-40% Math — 8 10 MC 50-60% GR 25-30% ER SR 10-15% In the Reading section of the ER questions in the FCAT, students are provided an answer space which consists of 14 lines. On the other hand, students are provided with a blank workspace for Mathematics where the students are required to illustrate their work and a few lines provided for their explanation part. Every student is required to write answers or illustrate their work in the spaces yet it is not a requirement to completely fill the spaces. Next, in the SR questions, students in reading are provided with another answer space which consists of eight lines. Students are provided with a blank workspace in Mathematics for their explanation or illustration of their work. Filling up the spaces completely is, again, not a requirement. In the GR format, every student is provided with an answer grid to fill. Students are required to fill the grid with the right answer with the use of one of the few right formats. Numerical answers resulting from specific questions can be solved by the use of a response grid and not mere questions of mathematics. In essence, the constant use of these formats of questions in every regular activities and appraisals within the classroom and will aid students become familiar to answering in the same manner they will be asked to answer in the actual FCAT. Teachers can also opt to grade and rate the work of the students using the rubrics based on the FCAT as well as the rubric from Florida Writes. By employing this approach, students can become more accustomed to what is expected from them on the actual test in FCAT. Aiding students comprehend what is expected of them on FCAT is perhaps one of the most effective approaches in helping these students to prepare for the actual FCAT. Most of the time, students ask â€Å"will I have to perform this one on the actual FCAT? † If the teacher considers using the FCAT rubrics in scoring the responses to the classroom test questions, subject papers, reports, projects among many others, students will harness a clearer comprehension of the degrees of performance expected of them during the FCAT. Last but not the least, teachers can opt to utilize and develop questions for classroom discussions and tests that are of similar cognitive firmness as the ones presented in the FCAT test rubrics. The SSS contains standards for the content as well as benchmarks that are challenging for every learner as it also includes the expectation that these learners become more creative as their critical thinking capabilities are likewise developed further. Every class has the size of approximately 32 students with a various degree of academic levels. Most students come from a lower socio-economic class and many of their parents speak another language apart from English and cannot provide enough help the proponents with any of the homework. With the help from other teachers, a â€Å"Mock FCAT Test† will be conducted which is going to be based on the materials the students have covered for the year. The test will consist of a multiple choice section, a true or false part, and several essay type questions. One of the co-teachers in the science classes will have to modify the test for the ESE students just as it has been practiced during regular test or quizzes. Some of the ESE students have a modification clause in their Individual Education Plan or IEP and the test questions have to be read to them so that they will be able to understand better the test questions and answer them to the best of their knowledge. Further, it will provide the students with the guidance for studying and preparing for the real FCAT test. Two periods per week can be used for the test preparation which serves as a review time and after four weeks the test will be given. The teachers should make themselves available before and after school for students who feel they need some help. Also, letters must be sent to the parents of the students which will serve as letters asking for their help, if possible, with students’ practice work. In addition to the help that is to be obtained from both the teachers and the parents, the students themselves will also participate and cooperate in order to further advance the help they can receive. That is, students will be paired, carefully selecting their pairs according to their academic level. All of these activities will be conducted in the regular classroom during the third quarter of the school year. A journal will be maintained which will serve as the record for all of the observations obtained as well as the progress of the students throughout the course of the scheme. Dates will be analyzed in order to predict any changes in the students’ progress so that it will be easier to identify where help is most needed for the students. The journal will also include information gathered from parents on the progress of the time spent with their children who are studying at home. Moreover, the journal will contain a comparison column to see the results from all of the quizzes and serve as a guide for intervention when needed. The information that will be obtained will be thoroughly shared with the students so that they ca follow their progress and pinpoint any deficiencies in which they have to work on. Lastly, the journal will provide information on what and where the needs are to be reviewed, revisited, or reinforced. This is to keep a sustained check on the progress of the project. With the cooperation of the other teachers, information will be shared and concerns will be exchanged concerning the progress of the students. The members of the project will be involved in monitoring, discussing, and helping students to stay on track. There will be daily discussions with the students about the difficulties of the study material or to share the successes and ideas about the methods of studying. Student’s input is most important as their suggestions will be shared with every student in both class periods. Also, students who have already taken the FCAT and have successfully passes the test will be introduced into the group of students in order for the former to be able to relate to the students their previous experience with FCAT. The techniques used by these previous students who have already successfully passed the FCAT will be shared to the current students so that the latter will be able to obtain any important information or insights into the FCAT. The data will be interpreted in terms of an analysis of all the information obtained before, during, and after the project has culminated. Input from the teachers involved will be greatly considered inasmuch as the conference with the parents and the participating students will provide the data that will be analyzed. Students will be given a self-survey to assess their own progress from their personal viewpoint and provide guide for reviewing the material for the test. Also, with the cooperation of the other teachers, notes will be compared and pinpoint the relation of time, the involvement of the parents and the scores obtained from the test. All obtainable manpower will be used in completing the project. The findings of the study or project will be shared with the entire staff of the school, specifically the administrators and the teachers, as well as with the parents and the students. The success of the project will be shared with other schools as it will be important and useful information in preparing their students for testing via the regular curriculum. The goal presented is to make the students aware of the possibilities of learning through organized effort and the learning intelligence that most befits each student. Also, the information obtained from the project will be shared with other teachers in order to reinforce the methods and styles and teaching practices that will be used. The parents will realize that their involvement with their children in learning is of great significance as they keep in contact with the teachers and monitor the progress of their children. The next phase is to work on continuous cooperation with the parents and other teachers and to provide the maximum help to the students. An open relationship with students will also be developed through an action plan where everybody is involved in the educational process working together for a common goal. This will help and encourage students in their future study as they will be able to comprehend the positive outcome of their efforts and the cooperation they maintain with their fellow students and with their parents and teachers. The bulk of the critical colleagues in the entirety of the project will be comprised of fellow teachers as well as the assistant principal of the school who will provide the support and approval for the implementation of the project. Permission will be sought after the school principal as well as from the parents of the students as both parties will have to invest time and a few other resources for the initiation and completion of the project. The permission of the other teachers will also be obtained primarily because classes will be conducted in their respective classrooms and class sections that they handle. CONCLUSION By monitoring the test results obtained from the FCAT and comparing these results with the previous years, the knowledge of the students can be relatively increased specifically in the domain of science. By guiding the teachers find the specific areas where the students needs some room for improvement especially their weaknesses as well as their strengths that need reinforcement, teachers can correspondingly adjust their lesson plans. Further, since the work aims at expanding the skills and knowledge of students based on FCAT results, the work also shares a relevant contribution to the overall academic and holistic development of the student as relationships are established and strengthened between students, parents, teachers, and the school administrators. References FCAT Fact Sheet. (2005, August 24, 2005). Retrieved August 5, 2007, from http://fcat. fldoe. org/pdf/fcatfact. pdf. FCAT Myths vs. Facts. (2005, August 24, 2005). Retrieved August 6, 2007, from http://fcat. fldoe. org/pdf/myths-facts. pdf. What every teacher should know about FCAT. (2005, August 24, 2005). Retrieved August 6, 2007, from http://fcat. fldoe. org/pdf/fcatguid. pdf.

Sir Roger Penrose :: biographies biography bio

Sir Roger Penrose, was born in England, in Colchester, August 8, 1931. His parents were both highly educated. His mother Margaret Feathe was a doctor, and his father, Lionel Sharples Penrose, was a medical geneticist. He and his brothers Oliver and Jonathan all went into the sciences. Jonathan became a psychologist, while Oliver, the eldest, became a mathematician. Roger was groomed to be a doctor, but he swerved into another path when his school would not let him have biology, and mathematics as his focuses. He was allowed two, and he could not give up math. Needless to say, his parents were wroth with him for a time for disrupting their plans, but he went on to graduate from University College London with a bachellor of sciences in mathematics, winning First Class honors. He later became interested in physics, through the inspiration of Dirac, Turing and Godel. He attended their lectures at Cambridge and found them fascinating. However, he continued his works in mathematics, receiving a Ph.D in Algebraic Geometry. He is famous for his aperiodic tilings, his collaboration with Stephen Hawking on black holes, and especially for his books on consciousness such as The Emporer's New Mind. A less-well-known achievement on his part was the development of twistor geometry, a concept that will be explained in further depth later on. Queerly, everyone in mathematics and physics has heard of him, and every dabbler in puzzles and games has probably used his tilings. Many in England have probably even wiped with toilet paper bearing the pattern named after him. Yet he is not published in any standard biography of 20th century greats, he is known largely only by book reviews or in conjunction with Stephen Hawking. His personal life is closed off--all I found was some gossip that he had recently had a child with his wife (presumably, eh?) in his 60s, and that that wife's name was Vanessa Thomas, a consultant specializing in Mathematica teaching programs and how to use them. This after three hours searching newspapers, magazines, EBSCOhost and online resources. Yet he is regarded with awe in my circle of physics majors, his anti-AI books prompted ant anti-programming group based in Sweden to name themselves after him, and he has done research on fiundamental issues in physics today. Penrose is generally termed gentle. His handwriting is rounded and soft, similar to a childs loopy writing. An interview with him in Japan reveals a contemplative nature as he describes art that he and his wife encountered there.

Online learning versus traditional classroom learning

DistanceA learningA – is a set ofA technologiesA that provideA pupils withA the basic deliveryA ofA survey stuff, A synergistic communicating betweenA studentsA andA teachersA in larning procedure, A providingA pupils withA the possibilityA of independent workA on development ofA survey stuff, asA good asA in theA acquisition procedure. Now the term distance acquisition has become synonymous with e-learning or on-line acquisition, significance, in fact, non merely larning via the Internet.A Prerequisite for the outgrowth and subsequent development of distance acquisition was the enlargement of the Internet engineerings use in all domains of life and activities, including in education.A Study of Internet engineerings and package for the Internet is an indispensable portion of any high school ( and sometimes school ) plan. Over clip, the Internet has become non merely an object of survey, but besides turned into an environment where you can bask full preparation applicants.A Harmonizing to The Differences Between Online and Traditional Classroom Educations ( 2010 ) , modern computing machine telecommunications are able to supply cognition transportation and entree to a assortment of educational information on a par, and sometimes much more effectual than traditional learning tools.A Experiments have confirmed that the quality and construction of preparation classs, every bit good as the quality of learning in distance instruction is frequently much better than traditional signifiers of education.A New electronic engineerings such as synergistic Cadmiums CD-ROM, electronic bulletin boards, multimedia hypertext, accessible via the Internet, can non merely guarantee the active engagement of pupils in the acquisition procedure, but besides let you to pull off this procedure in contrastA from most traditional acquisition environments.A The integrating of sound, motion, image and text creates a new remarkably rich in its capablenesss larning environment with t he development of which will increase and the grade of pupils ‘ engagement in the acquisition procedure. Synergistic characteristics used in the LMS plans and bringing systems allow the information to set and even excite feedback, duologue, and supply ongoing support, which is impossible in most traditional systems of instruction. Harmonizing to E-learning vs Traditional Classroom Instruction ( 2010 ) , distance acquisition allows work out several jobs built-in in traditional instruction methods.A Its chief advantage is in work outing the job of entree to instruction, which means general handiness of educational resources irrespective of geographic location.A In add-on to the advantages of geographical freedom in taking the topographic point of survey, will work out the job of handiness, distant engineering has many other virtuousnesss. Pedagogical characteristics of this engineering include chiefly independent work pupil at a convenient clip for him.A Thus, self-management preparation agenda makes it attractive for busy people who wish to obtain a 2nd grade, or better their skills.A It should be mentioned that the same advantage is besides a â€Å" trap † for those who believe that by analyzing distantly, you can work on educational stuff on occasion, from clip to clip. Typically, larning is constructed in such a manner: the pupil sporadically receives from the instructor ‘s assignment for the reappraisal of the theoretical stuff, go throughing the concluding trial, based on the theory and besides, possibly, practical tasks.A If the assignments and trials will non be delivered on clip, the following phase lessons will non be sent to student.A Besides that there are a figure of distance acquisition advantages among them: Flexible agenda for pupil, it can even alter the pupil himself, uniting instruction with work and other activities, salvaging clip on the route to the school or university. Typically, pupils are given the chance to pass on with an single instructor or the writer of the curriculum.A Illustrations, diagrams, charts, presentations, online trials to increase the visibleness of information, doing larning fun.A Often the cost of Internet instruction is much lower compared to full-time.A There is besides a alone proposition.A Thus, the Internet University of Computer Science gives everyone a free instruction ( pick of classs is besides rather wide – more than 180 ) .A Many establishments that provide services to distance instruction, after school has issued the relevant document.A Harmonizing to Somer Flaherty ( 2010 ) , distance instruction ( as, possibly, any other ) have its disadvantages: The pick of fortes every bit long as sufficiency is extended – most of them are related to computing machine engineering or commercialism. If you are more receptive to hearing information, distance acquisition, you may happen it deadening and hard. If you can non alter unrecorded communicating with the instructor and other pupils to match via electronic mail, on-line instruction is barely accommodating you. Due to the fact that distance instruction is deriving impulse, it is non ever vie with the traditional. In the distance larning pupil merely uses Internet engineering in all types of preparation activities.A A user to login, acquire entree to larning stuffs ( sometimes after the payment of class ) .A Modern engineerings allow topographic point non merely textual information but besides pictures, picture and audio.A All of this is provided with convenient pilotage system on subdivisions of the course.A There is typically in distance acquisition when pupil receives non merely the layout of educational stuffs, and proving, but besides communicating with the instructor and other students.A Harmonizing to Somer Flaherty ( 2010 ) , distance acquisition can be group or individual.A There is non wholly right position that distance acquisition pupils are non available techniques and learning methods of group larning that, state, the pupils, being off from each other, can non to the full pass on and prosecute in collaborative work.A In fact, modern system to the proposed figure of communicating: the same forums and confab suites have become an built-in portion of the methodology.A Another of import point in the organisation larning procedure is a manner pupil and teacher pass oning each other.A Such interaction is organized synchronously or asynchronously.A The first method provides for communicating of pupils and instructors in existent time.A Basically, this uses the internal confab systems of distance acquisition. Sometimes, the system besides contains tools for picture conferencing.A Asynchronous acquisition is carried out when the pupil and the instructor can non pass on in existent clip, and so up to the organized, chiefly through e-mail correspondence. It should be noted that instructor ‘s audiences ( both synchronal and asynchronous ) – is a requirement of successful distance larning class, and without it larning will non be complete. In my sentiment distance larning system give equal chances to students, pupils, civil and military professionals, the unemployed in all parts of the state and abroad to recognize their human right to instruction and information.A This system can be most adequately and flexibly react to the demands of society and guarantee the execution of the constitutional right to instruction of every citizen.A I am really sympathetic to the fact that in the bosom of distance acquisition is the student.A Considering my experience I can state that most information is remembered by a pupil with self-learning, independently. I strongly believe that distant larning – is the hereafter of instruction system.