A Year in the South: Four Lives in 1865 Essay

Prompt: How did the different backgrounds of John, Cornelia, Lou, and Samuel affect their abilities to adjust to the end of the war? How did the end of the war affect their daily lives? Explain, making sure to support your answer with evidence and quotes from the text. A Year in the South: Four Lives in 1865 The background of an individual allows the individual to adapt to new circumstances no matter how radical the change may be. It is very apparent that in the book, A Year in the South: Four Lives in 1865, that people whether they were black or white suffered different hardships, however their background was what enabled them to succeed or fail after the war. There were four people which this book was focused upon: Louis Hughes, who was an educated slave in the Deep South, in Tombigbee, Alabama; Cornelia McDonald, who was the wife of a Confederate soldier, and the mother of 7 children in Lexington, Virginia; Samuel Agnew, who was a priest exempted from military service due to his position in the church, in Tippah County, Mississippi, and John Robertson, who was an ex-confederate soldier looking to settle down and live a religious life accepting defeat as a Confederate soldier, in East Tennessee. Although the backgrounds of each of these individuals were different, their skills gained f rom their background is what led them to be able to adapt or fail to adapt to the end of the war. Louis Hughes was an educated slave who was taught many skills by his master whom he refers to as boss, and skills he learned from various jobs but not limited to nursing, working in the fields, and working the salt works. Louis Hughes was very highly skilled for a slave. â€Å"Nursing was only one of many skills Lou acquired in the McGehee household. He could drive a carriage, cultivate an ornamental garden, and even operate a sewing machine, not to mention serve expertly as butler and body servant.† (Ash 25) This shows how well rounded Lou was as a slave and as an individual. Lou was also of an entrepreneurial mindset and is shown when he was in the salt works, where he borrowed money from the other slaves and bought tobacco plugs to sell. Having discerned that the area could only produce salt, he was highly successful and procured a fifty dollar profit from the sales which granted attention from N.S. Brooks. Brooks then obtained five hundred plugs for Lou  to sell in which he made a huge profit from. Lou had noticed that â€Å"it was all rebel money† but was sharp enough and â€Å"bought up all the silver† he could get his hands on. (Ash 21) This lead to believe that Lou would buy something that will retain its value if the confederacy were to lose or win. That way he could keep his assets safe. As soon as the first sign of invasion was near Madam had sent for all her slaves. Lou had been sent out to the fields for the remainder of the time of the invasion was upon arrival, even though there was hardly a presence in the remote area he was in. During the time he was working in the field he remembered how his master had shown two sides of his master. On one side, his master had been seen as a benevolent and would go out and cure people. On the other hand, there was one where he was seen as temperamental and aggressive. Lou has held much resentment towards this side, and recalls a time where Boss gave him a whipping. This made Lou’s yearning for freedom even greater than it was before. Eventually in the summer, Lou and another slave named George had decided to escape, not knowing that the war had ended and they were granter freedom. The two unknowing freedmen then made their way to Memphis, mostly by foot with fear that they might be caught and sent back. The last bit, after they felt more secure was by train, Lou had purchased using his earnings from the plugs. There they were turned down by the official in charge, found that the war had ended in the Union victory and traveled back Senatobia. On their way there, with a rented wagon and two bottles of whiskey presumably bought with the silver that Lou had obtained by selling plugs, ran into two union soldiers. He bartered to have the Union soldiers go to Madam’s house to announce the confederate defeat in exchange for a whisky bottle. The union soldiers did exactly that. After doing so the freedmen and their wives along with other freedmen headed to Memphis, escorted some of the way by the same soldiers. There they made a living, or idled about enjoying their new freedom. However, Lou and his company had decided to go to Cincinnati to see if they could find Matilda’s mother which eventually they did. Lou was able adapt and succeed in almost any job he was given due to his background of working with similar jobs he had held before. Lou was able to adapt in such a way to where it is believed he was successful after the war in the terms of the new freedom he had attained. Lou was able to supersede adversity of the changing political and economic  crisis of the south after the war. Samuel Agnew was a priest in Tippah County, Mississippi. His family were avid supporters of the Confederate cause, running and hiding at the alarm of Yankee invasion. Sam was exempted from the war because he was a minister, although accosted he was a few times under the presumption that he was avoiding the draft. He had heard of the devastation that the confederate soldiers had endured, and kept a keen interest in news about the war, and the policies that the Confederacy was putting in his free time. He tried to cultivate opium and tobacco, as a hobby and to sell to make money to use to buy provisions. In times of heavy depression, and where prices kept going up and money and supply were scarce. Even though the war was over and Sam had accepted that fact he still had a strong sense of confederacy patriotism which came from his family holding a small plantation, and using slave hands to tend to it. His father, â€Å"Enoch had listed the value of his plantation as $23,500,† whic h he Union via President Johnson had declared that along with the generals and officials of the Confederacy, any citizen with more than twenty thousand dollars in assets. â€Å"That provision was clearly aimed at the planters, a class whom Johnson despised and whom he blamed for the breakup of the Union. This was something the Agnews would have to reckon with†. (Ash 145) This was one of the hardships that could not be avoided by Sam as to see that living with his father and his small plantation would be greatly affected by this. Eventually, Sam had to gather the slaves and announce that they were freedmen, however none of them left immediately, they stayed and did only the necessary work, but did not work as efficiently as they did when they were slaves. Sam dictates that the freedmen were â€Å"‘doing as they please: they go off in daylight on their own business and are not giving their master’s concerns any attention.’ As a consequence, Sam found himself taking on unaccustomed chores around the plantation: making a new rope for the well bucket, gathering and cleaning the loose bits of cotton scattered around the floor of the gin house.† (Ash 151) This shows that even though he had little practice cultivating, he was ill prepared for the jobs that he had his slaves at the time do. Sam could not adapt to the end of the war. He had no experience in the work that the slaves did thus was struggling to meet ends meet, which is also displayed in their dying livestock. Later on  he would hire the freedmen to work in the fields and pay them to do so. Disgusted at the level he was at negotiating with what used to be his family’s property. Eventually this disdain, and losing assets would leave him with no freedmen come New Year’s Day of the following year after the war. This would leave his family in ruins and unable to cope with the post war times ahead. Thus Sam Agnew was not prepared for the end of the war economically, and with the lack of skills seeing as how they were ruined with no workers or livestock that would help them with the plantation that his father had owned. Sam after having lost everything had failed to change with the ending of the war and the new policies of the United States and had suffered economically. John Robertson was a young ex-confederate soldier whom after being captured in the war and forced to surrender to get out of prison, was looking for a religious revival and to have a normal life. He planned to become a minister as he professed to Tennie, and â€Å"John was an old hand† at raising â€Å"wheat during the years John was growing up in Greene County.† (Ash 172) Showing he had some skills to go upon and would have self-sufficiency. Even though he had surrendered and allowed to go back home he remains bitter and still harbors hate towards the union after the confederate loss. As soon as the Unionist established dominance in East Tennessee, he realized that he hated the native unionist more than the Unionist that came from other states. This is mainly due to the fact that he was a Confederate from Tennessee and saw the native unionists as traitors. This played a giant role in making his daily life really difficult especially in the church due to governor Brownlow, who had resented all of the confederates that imprisoned him. Later on, John would pay the price for his war acts. The Lincolnites â€Å"were determined to kill him, there was nothing he could do to stop them—nothing, that is, except go where they could not find him. Through the waning days of August, he agonized over his plight. By September, he had decided he must leave.† (Ash 180) This shows that John’s past would dictate how he would live his future and that he would have to evade the Unionists that were looking for revenge for his past sins, thus pressured him to leave Tennessee and retreat to Springfield. He settled down and immersed himself in education and religion. Although he had settled there with an uncle he was  determined to go back, thus John’s background is preventing him from having a successfully way to cope with the end of the war emotionally due to his inability to see his love, Tennie. Cornelia McDonald was the wife of a wealthy confederate army officer. Cornelia had relied heavily on her husband’s salary thus when she died everything went downhill very fast. She had no basic house skills except for sewing and mending clothes. She lacked basic skill so she â€Å"had to hire someone to do the cooking for the same reason she had to pay for carding, spinning, and weaving: as a well-bred woman who had always had money and slaves, she had never learned those skills because she never had to perform those chores.† (Ash 38) This will play into account when the war comes around as those are necessities and will affect and drain the money from Cornelia in the latter half of the year. She would have to pay someone else for these essential skills. As for the skill she did have was to tutor for painting and foreign languages, these seem more of a luxury than a necessity as will be seen in at the end of the book. She is barely able to support herself and her family after her husband dies and the meager earning she gets goes to food and not enough is left over rent and she engrossed in debt and eventually becomes ruined financially. Cornelia is struggling emotionally as well and claims to see her â€Å"‘noble sons, little daughter, and pretty little boys dragged down so low.’† (Ash 158) This was one of her greater struggles as she could not believe that just a few years ago they were so prosperous and now doing jobs that were so â€Å"beneath them†. This is just a clear indicator that she was not able to adapt to the circumstances of a changing political climate and her lack of ability to adapt is shown very clearly financially and emotional ly. All in all most of the Southerners had a tough time coping with the end of the war because of their inability, and lack of essential self-sustaining skills. Lou and John were the only ones to see progress in their life although not in significant amount but they were better off than those of the rich white plantation and slave owners. The reason was their ability to cope with hardships way before the end of the war and these times of hardships helped them transition into the post war era, whereas Cornelia and  Sam were ruined, because they lived a life where they had enough money to sustain themselves, and did not need to worry about the skills until it was too late. The background of each of the southerner, and their essential skills or lack thereof have left them in in the state they were in either with stability or instability financially, or emotionally. Bibliography Ash, Stephen V. A Year in the South: Four Lives in 1865. New York City: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.

Elements Of Poetry Essay

Every poet has a unique way inwhich they construct a particular poem. Some poets have a tendency to stay within the same style while other’s break out of the mold and write in a style of their own. For Frost,most of his work was composed in an English meter however, when composing â€Å"For Once, Then, Something† he strayed away from his usual tendencies of writing. â€Å"For Once, Then, Something† (1920) is the only poem Robert Frost ever composed in a classical meter: it is written in phalaecean hendecasyllabics† (Talbot, 2003). Hendecasyllabic is generated  from the times of Ancient Greece and the meaning behind the name of the meter is derived by the Greek word eleven. With each line containing 11 syllables, â€Å"the hendecasyllabic offers the opportunity tomaintainthe basic Sapphic rhythm for a long period, building up momentum† (Wikipedia, 2014). There are a number of speculations asto the reason why Frost chose to steer away from his traditional writing scheme but continued with the reflection of nature. One thought of why Frost did not use the classic Englishmeter for this particular poem was to the effects of him imitating the Latin meter of Catullus. â€Å"Frost’s poem is, among other things, a response to hostile critics. Scholars of Catullus – and Catullus was Frost’s favorite Roman author – have pointed to a link between hendecasyllabics and the poetic mode of rebuttal toone’scritics† (Talbot, 2003). In my view of reading the poem, it could be read in iambic pentameter. Each lineseems toend with an extra syllablewhichgives the impression of being unaccented however, it seem that iambic pentameter was not the intentions of how Frost wanted this poem to be read. â€Å"Writing to a friend in1920, the year of the poem’s publication, roguish  Frost boasted that the poem was â€Å"calculated to tease the metrists,† (Talbot,2003). The meaning Frost wanted toportraywasthat in which he was certainlycapable of writing a poem with an amplevisionand of classical meter. 1 In writing the poem, Frost intertwined traces of classical Greece within the theme of a modern story. The speaker reveals seeing his reflection â€Å"†¦godlike / looking out of a wreath of fern†¦Ã¢â‚¬  which presents as an allusion of the classicalGreek story of Ovid and his account of his own reflection (Talbot, 2003). The image of the fern could also be measured as a symbol of the Greek wreath. These images are a representation of the classical aspect in which Frost intend the poem to shadow. In my opinion, one of the biggest reflections to the classical aspect of Ancient Greece was that of the actual well itself and the so called truth that lies within it. Judith Oster spoke in tune of this same reflection in her book Toward Robert Frost: The Reader and the Poet, of how the meaning of the poem may have been attributed to the avowal of â€Å"Democritus: Of truth we know nothing, for truth lies at the bottom of a well† (Oster, 1991). There are certainly many various opinions in which gather around the classical theme of  the poem and the reasoning behind why Frost wrote it outside of his traditional setting. In learning more and more about Frost from week to week I understand his work depicts a more deep and metaphysical meaning. Others criticized Frost for not having profound meaning within his work simply only reflecting the beauty of nature which is the thought of most behind the poems naturalistic classic rendering. The individual kneeling at the well is seemingly troubled by something of great cause. There is a sense ofuncertaintyof whether or not the answer being sought will be known as truthful. This individual is not only dealing with the troubles of uncertainly but also the subjugation of mockery from the town, community or merely a group of people. The speaker indicates the troubles seem to come from a very deep and dark place as indicated in line three as a image of the well mirrors â€Å"deeper down in the well than where the water† lies (Frost, 1995). When peering in the well at the dark deep water the onlything in which the speaker sees is a reflection point towards himself â€Å"Gives me back in a shining surface picture / me myself in the summer heaven godlike† (Frost,1995). The semblance of a god-like face within 2 the pool of water creates the image of someone who could do no wrong, being more of a god than human. The speak is rationalizing the mockery of his image being questioned as he looks deeper into the well with his chin up against the edge realizing the opinion of truth perhaps can be superficial â€Å"beyond the picture† (Frost, 1995). However, this thought is immediately rejected when the â€Å"water came to rebuke too clear water† as if the speaker simply shook his head bringing his thoughts back to the surface. Many times in our life the â€Å"water† so tospeak can get murky  leaving us without a clear resolution to a problem we are troubled with. As in this case, the speaker was brought back from those murky waters by the droplet from a fern. We too have those times in our lives who so called bring us back to see the light or â€Å"whiteness† as replicated in the instance â€Å"blurred it, blotted it out. What was that whiteness† (Frost, 1995). We all at times struggle with finding truth within our lives just as the speaker does in â€Å"For Once, Then, Something†. The poem is certainly well compose of classicalmeter still maintaining  the jovially gander of Frost while tying into the beauty of nature. Frost is establishing the question of truth regardless of what interpretation the reader may convey, which is in that of his own persona. Essentially though we could all relate to a poem of this nature by taking time to reflect our own personal accord. References â€Å"For Once, Then, Something†. Frost, Robert. Frost: Collected Poems, Prose, & Plays. New York: The Library of America, 1995. Page 208. Print. 3 Oster, Judith. Toward Robert Frost: The Reader and the Poet. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1991. Page 82. Print. Talbot, John. â€Å"Robert Frost’s Hendecasyllabics And Roman Rebuttals. † International Journal Of The Classical Tradition 10. 1 (2003): 73-84. Literary Reference Center. Web. 12 Apr. 2015. Retrieved from: http://library. gcu. edu:2048/login? url=http://search. ebscohost. com. library. gcu. edu:2048/login. aspx? direct=true&db=lfh&AN=14854873&site=eds-live&scope=site Wikipedia contributors. â€Å"Hendecasyllable. † Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 4 Nov. 2014. Web. 12 Apr. 2015. Retrieved from: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Hendecasyllable.   

Woning in Nederland

Hoe werkt het huren new wave een woning in Nederland?Het huren van een woning houdt in, digital audiotape je geen eigenaar new wave een woning set, maar dat je tegen betaling in een huis woont digital audiotape eigendom new wave een verhuurder of woningcorporatie is. Tussen een huurder nut een verhuurder wordt een huurcontract afgesloten.HuurcontractWanneer een particuliere verhuurder of een woningcorporatie een woning aan iemand wil verhuren, moeten beide partijen rain trees een huurcontract opstellen. Hierin staan afspraken dice de verhuurder en huurder rain trees maken. Een huurcontract kan op twee manieren worden afgesloten:een mondelinge afspraakDit is lastig te bewijzen en vaak wordt Er dan ook gezorgd voor een eventuele getuige, om zo voor meer zekerheid Te zorgen.Een schriftelijke overeenkomstIn de meeste gevallen stellen de twee partijen rain trees een schriftelijk huurcontract op. Het voordeel new wave een schriftelijke overeenkomst is dat work forces, wanneer het nodig bli jkt, altijd naar de gemaakte afspraken kunt kijken. De volgende dingen maken deel uit new wave een huurcontract:Namen huurder + verhuurderDatum sluiten van de huurovereenkomstAdres van heated gehuurde, met omschrijvingManier new wave betalingAfspraken over onderhoudHuisregelsHoogte new wave huur ( en tijdstip wanneer deze eventueel verhoogd wordt )Een huurcontract kan voor onbepaalde tijd gelden, en is dan altijd opzegbaar. Dit is erg handig wanneer iemand graag flexibel woont. Op deze manier kan een dergelijk persoon gelijk verhuizen wanneer daar de behoefte voor is. Het is ook mogelijk digital audiotape het contract voor een bepaalde periode geldt. In een dergelijk geval kan het contract niet zomaar worden opgezegd, alleen wanneer beide partijen hiermee instemmen.HuurprijsDe prijs new wave een huurwoning hangt net ALSs bij een koopwoning new wave verschillende factoren af. De overheid heeft voor een huurwoning een puntensysteem gemaakt, zodat je aan de manus daarvan een maximale huurprijs kunt berekenen. Dit puntensysteem is terug te vinden in de booklet: huren new wave een woning 2009-2010. Bij dot puntensysteem spelen factoren ALSs grootte van de woning, ligging new wave de woning, de voorzieningen en omgeving new wave de woning een rol. De kale huurprijs wordt in heated huurcontract opgenomen. Behalve de kale huurprijs, komen er vaak ook peg andere kosten kijken bij het huren new wave een woning. Hierbij moet je bijvoorbeeld denken aan kosten voor elektriciteit en gas. Wanneer de huurder twijfelt of de prijs wel redelijk is en klopt, kan hij de huurcommissie inschakelen. Deze zullen vervolgens onderzoeken of de prijzen wel kloppen, en kunnen eventueel via de rechter een andere prijs afdingen.PrijsverhogingDe huur mag maximaal & A ; eacute ; & A ; eacute ; n keer per jaar verhoogd worden. Dit mag niet met een willekeurig bedrag gedaan worden ; er zit een maximal aan vast. Momenteel bedraagt de maximale verhoging 2,5 % . De verhuurder moet zijn voorstel voor de verhoging minstens dainty maanden new wave Te voren indienen.Kopen new wave een huurwoningHet is eventueel wel mogelijk een huurwoning over te kopen, maar een verhuurder hoeft hier niet mee akkoord Te gaan. Wanneer je een huurwoning wilt kopen, moet er wel een geldig taxatierapport worden opgesteld. Als er sprake is van een groep dezelfde woningen is & A ; eacute ; & A ; eacute ; n rapport voor Al deze woningen voldoende.Voordelen new wave een huurwoning:Flexibel wonen, work forces kan snel we er verhuizenGeen grote schuld waarover bovendien annuity betaald moet wordenNiet aansprakelijk voor alles, ook de verhuurder heeft verplichtingen omtrent onderhoudMinder risico doordat het huis niet new wave jouw is ( je kan niet in & A ; eacute ; & A ; eacute ; n keer zo veel vermogen verliezen )Nadelen new wave een huurwoning:Beperkt aanbod new wave huizenJe bouwt geen groot vermogen op zoals bij een koopwoningJe set niet vrij Te doen wat je wilt ( met je huis )Je hebt Te maken met een verhuurder ; je dead set afhankelijk new wave iemand andersHoe werkt het kopen new wave een woning in Nederland?Het kopen new wave een woning houdt in digital audiotape je eigenaar wordt new wave een huis, al dan niet met een lening. Wanneer je een huis gaat kopen, moet je allereerst een lijstje maken van punten waarvan jij vindt digital audiotape dice belangrijk voor de woning zijn. Vervolgens kun je huizen gaan bezichtigen en makkelijk volgens het lijstje kijken of een huis geschikt is.MakelaarWan neer Er een huis verkocht wordt, gebeurt dot altijd via een makelaar. Wanneer je op huizenjacht gaat, zul je dan ook contact hebben met de makelaar van de verkopende partij. Ook is heated mogelijk zelf de hulp van makelaar in te schakelen bij het zoeken en kopen van huis. Deze zal je daarbij dan begeleiden en kijken of alles wat de verkopende partij vertelt wel klopt. Een makelaar kan naast zijn andere taken ook nog ALSs taxateur optreden.Prijzen omtrent koophuizenBestaande woningWanneer je een bestaande woning new wave een andere particulier overneemt, zal Er vaak worden onderhandeld over de te betalen prijs. In de meeste gevallen komt Er een prijs tot stand die net iets onder de vraagprijs ligt. Ook kan het zijn digital audiotape work forces meer biedt dan de vraagprijs, omdat er behalve de objectieve waardeaanduiding new wave het taxatierapport ook emoties mee kunnen spelen. Behalve emoties kan er ook sprake zijn new wave een onrustige woningmarkt ; mensen bieden gelijk ( boven ) de vraagprijs, uit angst voor het verliezen new wave de kans op een woning. Dit kan problemen opleveren met de financiering, aangezien de taxateur het huis een lagere waarde heeft gegeven. Je moet Er dus meer voor betalen dan digital audiotape het waard is, en een verstrekker new wave een hypotheek rekening houdt met de prijs volgens de taxatie en niet met de prijs dice daadwerkelijk is betaald.Nieuwe woningBij een nieuwbouwwoning ligt de prijs in de meeste gevallen al vast. Meestal wordt Er dan ook niet meer onderhandeld over heated te betalen bedrag. Tegenwoordig worden Er veel huizenblokken gebouwd met allemaal dezelfde woningen, en deze worden ook allemaal voor een gelijke prijs verkocht. Onderhandelen is dan natuurlijk niet mogelijk. Bij een nieuwbouwwoning is er & A ; eacute ; & A ; eacute ; n gevaar ; het kan zijn digital audiotape het huis Al een tijd lang Te koop staat, en de verkopende partij kan dan een bedrag aan vervallen annuity bij de koopsom optellen. Wanneer je bijna zeker weet een bepaalde woning te kopen, is heated mogelijk Er een optie op Te nemen. Je hebt dan het recht new wave de eerste koop gedurende een aantal dagen. In deze dagen kun je noodzakelijke dingen peg regelen.KeuringenBouwkundige keuringWanneer je een bestaande woning besluit Te kopen kan het handig zijn eerst een bouwkundige keuring uit Te laten voeren. De staat new wave het huis wordt dan bekeken, en ALSs er problemen zijn zullen deze duidelijk worden.OpleveringskeuringWanneer work forces een nieuwe woning besluit Te kopen kan het handig zijn een opleveringskeuring uit Te laten voeren. Een nieuwe woning hoort natuurlijk geheel in orde Te zijn en een opleveringskeuring trial of dot ook daadwerkelijk het geval is.KoopcontractAls beide partijen rain trees tot een prijs zijn gekomen dient een overeenkomst schriftelijk vastgelegd Te worden. Dit gebeurt in een voorlopig koopcontract. De koper heeft dan nog drie dagen bedenktijd waarin hij de koop kan annuleren. Verd er is de naam voorlopig niet helemaal op zijn plaats, aangezien work forces het contract niet zomaar kan verbreken. Vaak moet Er dan bijvoorbeeld 10 % new wave de koopsom betaald worden.OverdrachtDe eerdere eigenaar new wave een woning moet de woning verlaten voor de datum waarop de papieren bij de notaris belanden om ondertekend Te worden en de overdracht daadwerkelijk plaats vindt. In sommige gevallen kan de toekomstige eigenaar zijn huis al eerder betreden. Koper en verkoper ondertekenen dan een sleutelverklaring ; de koper mag Al wel in het huis komen maar heeft peg geen eigendomspapieren.Financi & A ; euml ; lupus erythematosuss aspectWanneer work forces besluit een huis Te willen kopen, is daar een grote som geld voor nodig. Vaak kunnen mensen dot niet zomaar opbrengen, en dus moeten zij geld lenen. Voor een huis wordt vaak een langdurige lening afgesloten met een hoog bedrag. Een dergelijke lening noemen we ook wel een hypothecaire lening. Er zijn verschillende vormen hypothe ken, die voor verschillende groepen mensen geschikt zijn. Hiervan geven wij een aantal voorbeelden met daarbij de verschillende groepen dice erbij horen.AnnuiteitenhypotheekDeze hypotheek is aantrekkelijk voor jonge mensen, aangezien de lasten in het Begin lager zijn dan aan het einde new wave de looptijd. Het inkomen van deze jongere mensen zal waarschijnlijk nog stijgen, waardoor dot een ideale vorm voor biddy is.SpaarhypotheekDeze hypotheek houdt gedurende de looptijd continu dezelfde lasten, wat voor duidelijkheid zorgt. Bovendien neemt de rente van de lening gedurende de looptijd niet af, waardoor je new wave maximale belastingvoordeel gebruik kan maken. Deze hypotheek is dus aantrekkelijk voor mensen met een hoog loon, omdat zij meer voordeel hebben new wave de hypotheekrente aftrekLineaire hypotheekBij deze vorm new wave hypotheken worden de lasten lager gedurende de looptijd. Dit komt doordat je aflost, en daardoor het bedrag aan involvement afneemt. Deze hypotheek is aantre kkelijk voor mensen dice wat ouder zijn, zodat zij op heated minute digital audiotape zij met pensioen gaan, en dus minder verdienen, lagere lasten hebben.BeleggingshypotheekBij deze vorm new wave hypotheken loop je meer risico doordat Er niet wordt gespaard zoals bij een spaarhypotheek maar wordt belegd. Dit brengt risico ‘s met zich mee, aangezien de eindwaarde kan verschillen van het verwachte bedrag. Dit kan zowel positief ALSs negatief uitvallen. Deze vorm is aantrekkelijk voor mensen met veel geld, aangezien zij dot risico durven te lopen om misschien winst Te maken.Aflossingsvrije hypotheekBij deze hypotheek wordt Er niks afgelost tijdens de looptijd, en wordt alleen het bedrag aan involvement steeds betaald. Hierdoor zijn Er lage lasten, maar wordt Er geen Eigen vermogen opgebouwd en blijft de rente maximaal. Deze hypotheek is aantrekkelijk voor mensen met wat minder geld. Deze voorbeelden worden in de PO M & A ; O nog uitgebreid toegelicht, dot is slechts een klein stukje uitleg.Voordelen new wave een koopwoning:Je bouwt Eigen vermogen opJe kunt Er aan veranderen wat je wilte hebt geen last new wave een verhuurderNadelen new wave een koopwoning:In de meeste gevallen is een grote lening noodzakelijk, grote schuldJe betaalt veel annuity over een eventuele leningVerhuizen is een hoop werk ( woning verkopen en kopen )Al het onderhoud komt voor Eigen rekeningZo blijkt uiteindelijk digital audiotape Er heel wat komt kijken bij het kopen new wave een huis. Het inschakelen new wave een makelaar lijkt mij daarom toch wel verstandig. Deze weet wat Te doen en kan eventueel aan de bel trekken wanneer hij denkt digital audiotape de prijs te hoog is. Bovendien weet hij nog hoe de keuringen e.d. in hun werk gaan. Drie voorbeelden ( platteland, stad en achterwijk ) : huren of kopen?PlattelandOp het platteland komen zelden huurwoningen voor, en work forces zal dus in bijna moose geval over moeten gaan tot het kopen new wave een woning op het platteland. Vaak hoort Er bij een dergelijke woning ook nog een behoorlijk stuk grond, wat vervolgens ook heated eigendom new wave de koper wordt. Bovendien zijn de meeste mensen dice op zoek zijn naar een plattelandswoning niet op zoek naar een huurhuis, maar juist een koophuis. De kans is groot digital audiotape een huis op het platteland meer waard wordt, doordat Er steeds minder ruimte in Nederland is. Het kopen new wave een woning op het platteland lijkt mij verstandiger dan huren, wat bovendien ook bijna niet mogelijk is.StadIn bepaalde delen new wave de stad zijn veel woningen dice verhuurd worden. Zo wonen Er in sommige steden veel studenten, die er slechts een kortere periode willen wonen, en bovendien nog niet geschikt zijn voor een hypotheek. Wel zijn de huurprijzen in de steden vaak hoog waardoor het wellicht toch aantrekkelijk is om, eventueel rain trees met anderen, een huis Te kopen. De kans dat deze woning in waarde stijgt is ook behoorlijk groot, dus dan loont het uiteindelijk toch wel. Wel moet je dan over bepaalde financi & A ; euml ; le middelen beschikken, zodat je een hypotheek kunt nemen. Dit eventueel met de hulp van ouders. In heated centrum new wave een stad wonen veel verschillende groepen mensen, waarvoor het soms wel handig is een huis Te kopen, en in sommige gevallen een huurhuis beter is. Wanneer je de middelen hebt, lijkt het kopen new wave een woning in de stad mij een goede investering.AchterwijkIn deze delen wonen vaak wat armere mensen dice over vrij weinig financi & A ; euml ; le middelen beschikken. Zij komen vaak door een laag inkomen niet in aanmerking voor een hypotheek, en zullen daarom over moeten gaan tot het huren new wave een huis. Het kopen new wave een huis heeft hier ook niet heel erg veel zin, doordat een dergelijk huis vaak niet veel in waarde zal stijgen door z'n ligging. Het huren van een woning lijkt mij verstandig wanneer je in een achterwijk woont nut over weinig financi & A ; euml ; le middelen beschikt. oe pimple het met de regelgeving new wave de overheid omtrent het kopen of huren van een woning? Een fijne leefomgeving en prettige woning is belangrijk voor iedereen. Het ministerie new wave VROM ( Volkshuisvesting, Ruimtelijke Ordening en Milieubeheer ) is heated Nederlandse ministerie digital audiotape toezicht houdt op onder andere de huisvesting in Nederland. De hoofdlijnen new wave het beleid worden door dot ministerie bepaald en op footing new wave deze richtlijnen worden regels en wetten opgesteld. De VROM-inspectie helpt gemeenten en woningcorporaties bij heated handhaven van de regels voor huisvesting. De huisvesting voor zwakkere groepen in de samenleving, woningcorporaties, huur- nut koopsubsidies en natuurlijk de hypotheekrenteaftrek zijn een aantal belangrijke agendapunten new wave dot ministerie. Bij deze deelvraag beperken we ons tot de huisvestingswet, de woningwet en bouwregelgeving.HuisvestingswetIn 1993 is in Nederland de huisvestingswet in werking gesteld. De regering is van mening digital audiotape de schaarse huizen rechtvaardig en evenwichtig onder de bev olking verdeeld moeten worden nut daarom is deze huisvestingswet opgesteld. De wet biedt gemeenten de mogelijkheid om de verdeling new wave woonruimte Te reguleren. Uitgangspunt blijft natuurlijk wel de vrije vestiging new wave Burgers. Gemeenten hebben een aantal instrumenten om de verdeling new wave woonruimte in de manus Tes houden en ongewenste tendensen in de woningvoorraad tegen Te gaan. Zo kunnen gemeenten:voorrang geven aan groepen woningzoekenden.wel of niet toestaan digital audiotape woningen splitsen, samenvoegen of aan de woningvoorraad onttrekken.woningen toewijzen en bindingseisen aan toekomstige bewoners stellen.WoningwetDe woningwet werd in 1901 aangenomen door heated kabinet Pierson. Met deze moisture werd de footing voor een verbetering new wave de volkshuisvesting gelegd. Het doel new wave de moisture was: de bouw van goede woningen bevorderen en de bewoning new wave slechte woningen onmogelijk maken. Om dot Te kunnen bereiken, werden Er strenge regels opgesteld o m slechte woningen Te weren en werd gemeenschapsgeld gebruikt voor de bevordering new wave de bouw van goede woningen. Het geld werd uitgeleend aan woningcorporaties die zogenaamde woningwetwoningen bouwde. Dit was zo gezegd het begin new wave overheidsbemoeienis binnen de huizenmarkt. Om slechte woningen tegen Te gaan, werden Er een aantal regels doorgevoerd:Woningeigenaren konden worden verplicht bepaalde renovaties en verbeteringen uit Te voeren.Zonder bouwvergunning mocht work forces niet meer zomaar iets nieuws bouwen of een al bestaand gebouw uitbreiden of verbouwen.De gemeente kreeg de verplichting een bouwverordening op Te stellen met richtlijnen waaraan nieuwe woningen zouden moeten voldoen.Gemeenten kregen de bevoegdheid woningen onbewoonbaar Te verklaren.BouwregelgevingWanneer je wilt gaan bouwen of verbouwen krijg je altijd Te maken met de bouwregelgeving. Deze regels zijn voor het merendeel afgeleid new wave de Woningwet en hebben Te maken met veiligheid, gezondheid, de omgeving en de buren. De bouwregelgeving is opgesteld om een veilige en gezonde leefomgeving te waarborgen. Tevens draagt de bouwregelgeving bij aan energiebesparing. De bouwparagraaf binnen de Woningwet vormt de kern van de bouwregelgeving. Onder deze moisture staan drie AMvB ‘s ( Algemene Maatregelen van Bestuur ) :Het Besluit bouwvergunningsvrije en licht-bouwvergunningplichtige bouwwerken, waarin het bouwvergunningsregime is uitgewerkt.Het bouwbesluit met bouwtechnische voorschriften waaraan een bouwwerk moet voldoen.Het besluit Indieningsvereisten aanvraag bouwvergunning, waarin staat hoe een bouwaanvraag moet worden ingediend.Het bestemmingsplan, de welstandsnota en de bouwverordening spelen natuurlijk ook een rol.Wie vallen onder de kwetsbare groepen met betrekking tot de huizenmarkt en welke hulp wordt Er aan deze groepen geboden?Binnen elk aspect new wave een samenleving bestaan Er kwetsbare groepen. Binnen de huizenmarkt zijn dot onder andere starting motors, werklo zen en mensen met een laag inkomen. Hier volgen een aantal overheidsregelingen dice mensen steunen in heated kopen of huren van een woning:KoopsubsidieDe overheid wil het Eigen woningbezit bevorderen middels de koopsubsidie, ook wel Eigenwoningbijdrage. De regels voor deze subsidie staan in de Wet bevordering eigenwoningbezit ( BEW ) . Wanneer iemand voldoet aan de gestelde voorwaarden, kan deze persoon een maandelijkse bijdrage voor de hypotheeklasten ontvangen. De subsidiepot is genuine bijna leeg.Groene hypotheekVoor woningen dice aan bepaalde milieueisen voldoen is heated mogelijk korting te krijgen op de hypotheekrente. De groene hypotheek is een financi & A ; euml ; le regeling om duurzaam bouwen Te stimuleren. Een groene hypotheek kan worden verstrekt ALSs er aan een aantal eisen op het gebied van duurzaam bouwen wordt voldaan.HuurtoeslagEen huurder kan deze huurtoeslag aanvragen ALSs de huur te hoog is in verhouding tot heated inkomen. Men moet aan een aantal voorwaarden vol doen om in aanmerking te komen voor deze toeslag. Zo zijn Er grenzen vastgesteld aan de hoogte van het inkomen en de huur. Mensen met een laag inkomen kunnen middels deze huurtoeslag toch in aanmerking komen voor een goede en betaalbare huurwoning.HypotheekrenteaftrekOp dot minute overal in heated nieuws: de hypotheekrenteaftrek. Binnen alle partijprogramma ‘s new wave de politieke partijen is de hypotheekrenteaftrek een belangrijk facet. Iedereen heeft er zijn mening over, maar wat houdt de hypotheekrenteaftrek nou precies in en wat was heated oorspronkelijke doel? De hypotheekrenteaftrek is een belastingmaatregel waarmee kosten van de financiering new wave de eigen woning fiscaal aftrekbaar worden gemaakt. Het doel was de drempel om een woning aan Te schaffen Te verlagen. Tevens wordt het hiermee fiscaal aantrekkelijker om een koopwoning te financieren door een lening, zodat opgebouwd kapitaal geinvesteerd kan worden in de economie. Toch werkt de hypotheekrenteaftrek op dit minute niet juist. Het zorgt voor een kunstmatige stijging new wave de woningprijzen. De negatieve invloed new wave het fiscale voordeel wordt versterkt door het beleid op de huurmarkt, waar de huren al jaren met niet meer dan de inflatie verhoogd mogen worden. Het resultaat is dan ook een vastgelopen woningmarkt.Welke invloed heeft de financi & A ; euml ; le crisis op de huizenmarkt in Nederland?De prijs van de huizen op de huizenmarkt hangen af new wave verschillende factoren. De voornaamste factoren die een rol spelen zijn fiscaliteit, prijs new wave de woningen, aanbod new wave woningen, inkomen van kopers en de rentestand. We zullen de factoren kort bespreken.FiscaliteitMet fiscaliteit word bedoeld, digital audiotape Er je in Nederland sommige kosten ALSs aftrekpost van het belastbaar inkomen kunt aftrekken. Een voorbeeld daarvan is de renteaftrek van de aankoop van de eigenwoning. De laatste tijd word Er steeds meer in de regering erover gehad om de renteaftrek Te schappen. Als de renteaftrek zou verdwijnen en de prijzen van de huizen gelijk zouden blijven, word het voor heel veel mensen bijna onmogelijk om een huis Te kopen.Prijs new wave de woningenHiermee word bedoeld hoe hoog de prijzen van de huizen zijn op huizenmarkt. Mede door de fiscaliteit dice ons land heeft zijn de prijzen de laatst 40 jaar enorm gestegen.Aanbod new wave woningenEr is in Nederland een groeiende vraag naar huizen, maar de ruimte in Nederland is erg beperkt. Dus het aanbod new wave het aantal huizen is daardoor ook beperkt. In Nederland gaat het bouwproces van huizen o ok minder snel dan in andere landen, doordat Er maar weinig goede bouwgrond is en door de vergunningen en processs die nodig zijn voordat je een huis mag gaan bouwen.Inkomen van de kopersHiermee word bedoeld de koopkracht van de mensen die een huis willen kopen. De koopkracht hangt sterk af new wave heated inkomen van de desbetreffende persoon. Daarbij komt dat het ook sterk afhangt new wave de hoogte van de hypotheek die de mensen kunnen krijgen van de bank. Want ALSs je inkomen lager, zul je ook een lagere hypotheek kunnen nemen dan ALSs je een hoog inkomen hebt.De rentestandDe hypotheekrente speelt ook een rol, want ALSs die hoog zou zijn zullen minder mensen een hypotheek gaan afsluiten. De hoogte van de hypotheekrente word vastgesteld aan de manus new wave de internationale kapitaalmarkt. En dice markt zal niet snel veranderen, dus de kans dat de rentestand erg verandert is zeer Klein. En Door het fiscale stelsel in Nederland is de hypotheekrente ook nog is erg laag, want new w ave de rente wordt nog de belastingaftrek afgetrokken. Dus wordt heated netto rentepercentage laager. Er zijn combinaties tussen deze factoren die grote gevolgen kunnen hebben voor de huizenmarkt, bijvoorbeeld stijgende annuity en een afgleidende economie, zullen lijden tot een structurele daling new wave de huizenprijzen. En daar zouden veel mensen onder lijden. Uit onderzoeken blijkt digital audiotape de prijzen op de huizenmarkt sterk kunnen reageren in tijden new wave crisis, maar er bleek ook uit digital audiotape dot consequence meestal maar ongeveer een kwartaal duurde. Er zijn in vroegere tijden wel vaker crisissen geweest, die gevolgen hadden op de huizenmarkt. Alleen heated verschil met die vorige keren van crisis was, dat de prijzen van de huizen net voordat de huizenmarkt in elkaar zakten enorm waren gestegen. Dat kwam doordat de banken toen erg makkelijk een hypotheek verleende, dus was heated consequence new wave de crisis excess groot. Tegenwoordig zal een crisis zoals de kredietcrisis niet zo grote schade ALSs in vorige tijden new wave crisis teweegbrengen in de huizenmarkt. Dat komt door onder andere heated beleid new wave de overheid over heated verlenen new wave hypotheken. De huizenmarkt is zo gebouwd digital audiotape dice ook tijdens crisis niet in elkaar zakt. En de overheid houdt alles goed in de gaten en grijpt in ALSs het mis dreigt Te gaan. Maar er zullen in tijden new wave crisis wel degelijk verschillen Te zien zijn in vergelijken met gewone tijden zonder crisis. Dat was ook te zien tijdens de kredietcrisis. Want de financi & A ; euml ; le crisis heeft wel degelijk invloed op de huizenmarkt gehad, en de crisis heeft dice invloed nog steeds. Dat komt mede doordat de crisis tegelijk kwam met heated afnemen van de procentuele groei van de wereldeconomie.Prijzen gedaaldDe prijzen van de huizen zijn erg gedaald de afgelopen tijd, omdat het de verkopers niet lukt om de huizen Te verkopen. Maar ondanks dat de ze de prijs van hun huis laten dalen, lukt het de meeste nog steeds niet om new wave Hun huis af te komen.Prijzen gestegenVoor kopers is heated aan de andere kant erg moeilijk om een huis Te kopen, vooral doordat het tegenwoordig erg moeilijk is om een hypotheek Te krijgen. Ook veel mensen hebben grote moeite om rond Tes komen met de kosten van Hun nieuwe woning, doordat de prijzen erg zijn gestegen. Er zijn formules die kunnen berekenen hoeveel tijd Er nodig is voordat de prijzen van nu zijn verdubbeld, een voorbeeld daarvan is de 72-regel. En het blijkt digital audiotape dice tijd 24 jaar is, digital audiotape is dus erg snel.HypotheekHet is veel moeilijker om tegenwoordig een hypotheek Te krijgen, doordat de banken moeilijker geld van elkaar kunnen lenen door de crisis. Daarom verlenen de banken ook minder snel hypotheken. Meerdere banken in Nederland hebben ook geld geleend new wave de overheid, om rond Te kunnen komen. De overheid speelt er ook een rol in digital audiotape het moeilijker is om een hypotheek Te krijgen. Een ander Irish pound is dat de hypotheekrente is opgelopen, daardoor is heated minder aantrekkelijk om een hypotheek af Te sluiten.Beleid new wave de overheidHet beleid new wave de overheid perkt de invloed van de crisis op de huizenmarkt erg in. Ze zorgen ervoor digital audiotape de banken Hun financierende rol blijven spelen, en niet zo snel meer hypotheken verlenen. Daardoor word het moeilijker voor veel mensen om een huis Te kopen, en zo neemt de vraag naar koopwoningen af. Omdat dice mensen waarschijnlijk in een huurwoning zullen gaan wonen. Een andere regeling dice is ingegaan is dat ieder work forces in zijn leven maar een hypotheek new wave maximaal 30 jaar mag hebben. Deze regeling heeft ervoor gezorgd digital audiotape de mensen goed moeten gaan nadenken over wanneer ze de hypotheek willen nemen etc.Hoe ziet de huizenmarkt in Nederland Er in de toekomst uit?Veel mensen zijn onzekerder geworden door de crisis en twijfelen daarom erg over heated wel of niet kopen new wave een nieuwe woning. Ze weten niet precies of het een verstandige tijd is om een nieuw huis Te kopen. De afgelopen jaren is de wereld economie erg gestegen in procenten. Maar de laatste jaren is heated nog wel gestegen, maar in veel mindere mate dan de jaren ervoor. En digital audiotape is tegelijk gekomen met de crisis. De crisis heeft ook Nederland geraakt, zowel de particulieren ALSs de banken zelf hebben er last new wave gehad. In de toekomst zal het weer beter gaan met de huizenmarkt in Nederland. Er zijn verschillende factoren dice er voor moeten gaan zorgen digital audiotape het in de toekomst weer goed gaat met Nederlandse huizenmarkt. Maar er zijn ook factoren waar weinig aan kan worden gedaan door bijvoorbeeld de overheid van Nederland. Daarmee bedoel ik factoren die een rol spelen in de hele wereld of in stukken new wave de wereld, zoals de EU waar Nederland ook mee Te maken heeft, en dus ook last new wave zou kunnen hebben. De overheid wil met behulp new wave wetten en regels heated land Ers weer bovenop helpen en dus ook de huizenmarkt.Nieuw beleid new wave de overheidOverheid wil dat de hypotheekverstrekkers nog voorzichtiger worden met het verstekken new wave hypotheken. Dit nieuwe hypotheek beleid zal Er voor zorgen digital audiotape het moeilijker gaat worden om een huis Te kopen.Kosten zullen flink stijgen voor kopers.Weinig betalingsproblemen en gedwongen verkopen new wave huizen. Dus op zich is heated nieuwe beleid niet perse nodig.PrijsstijgingenIn de toekomst zullen er niet meer zulke grote prijsstijgingen zijn ALSs de afgelopen 40 jaar waarin de prijs 24 keer zo hoog is geworden. Maar toch zullen moose jaar de prijzen van de huizen stijgen. Ook zal de rente in de toekomst stijgen, hierdoor worden de lasten van de huiseigenaren hoger. Maar heated brutoloon zal gelijk blijven in de loop van de tijd. Hierdoor zal het voor vele moeilijker worden om een koopwoning te kunnen kopen. En zal het voor huiseigenaren lastig worden om rond Te komen. Veel huiseigenaren zijn daarbovenop ook peg knock voor een waardedaling new wave Hun woning, waardoor ze het nog moeilijker kunnen gaan krijgen.HypotheekrenteaftrekDe overheid heeft plannen om de hypotheekrenteaftrek Te schappen in de toekomst. Het consequence daarvan zou erg positief kunnen zijn, ALSs daardoor de prijzen van de huizen zullen gaan dalen. Maar ALSs de prijzen gelijk zullen blijven, zal het voor heel veel mensen onmoge lijk worden om een huis Te kopen. Zolang de hypotheekrente aftrekbaar blijft zullen de prijzen van de huizen niet gaan dalen.Nieuwe wettenDe overheid heeft nieuwe wetten aangenomen en afspraken gemaakt om de schade van de crisis Te herstellen. Een voorbeeld daarvan is de Crisis- en herstelwet, die ervoor zorgt digital audiotape de uitvoering op het gebied van duurzaamheid, bereikbaarheid en woningbouw sneller uitgevoerd kunnen worden. Daardoor kost heated bijvoorbeeld minder tijd om nieuwe woningen Te bouwen, om zo de vraag naar betaalbare koopwoningen Te kunnen gaan verkleinen. Want er zal in de toekomst door het groeiende aantal inwoners, een nog steeds groeiende vraag naar betaalbare woningen blijven.Alles word duurderDit is ook & A ; eacute ; & A ; eacute ; n van de factoren waar de overheid niet zo veel aan kan doen. En digital audiotape is dat in de toekomst alles duurder zal gaan worden. Er zijn formules om te berekenen hoeveel tijd het gaat kosten voordat de prijzen van nu verdubbeld zullen zijn, een voorbeeld daarvan is de 72-regel. Die regel verteld ons dat over 24 jaar de prijzen van nu verdubbeld zullen zijn. Dus kost een huis nu nog twee ton, dan zou digital audiotape over 24 jaar wel is 4 ton kunnen zijn.Huren in plaats van kopenDoor verschillenden factoren zoals bijvoorbeeld de stijgende prijzen en het moeilijker krijgen new wave een hypotheek zullen steeds minder mensen over de mogelijkheid beschikken om in een koopwoning te leven. Meer mensen zullen huurwoningen nemen in plaats van koopwoningen. De laatste tijd word Er steeds meer in de regering erover gehad om de renteaftrek Te schappen. Als de renteaftrek zou verdwijnen en de prijzen van de huizen gelijk zouden blijven, word het voor heel veel mensen bijna onmogelijk om een huis Te kopen. Door onder andere de net genoemde factoren z ullen erg veel mensen er voor kiezen om te gaan huren i.p.v. een woning Te kopen. Ook de armere groepen in Nederland hebben niet de mogelijkheid om een huis Te kopen, dus zullen ook gaan huren.BankenDe banken zullen in de toekomst erg voorzichtig zijn met het verstrekken new wave hypotheken. De overheid zal ervoor zorgen digital audiotape de banken Hun financierende rol blijven uitoefenen. En ALSs het beter met de wereldeconomie gaat in de toekomst en er dus meer geld tot Hun beschikking komt, zullen ze weer soepeler worden. Want ze zitten op heated minute zelf ook krab de banken in Nederland, er zijn verschillende banken die geld hebben geleend new wave de overheid. Uiteindelijk ALSs het met de wereldeconomie weer beter zal gaan. Zal het uiteindelijk ook weer beter gaan met de huizenmarkt. De banken zullen soepeler gaan worden met hypotheken. Ook kunnen in de toekomst de prijzen van de woningen gaan dalen doordat de renteaftrek word geschrapt door de overheid, ALSs dat goed uitpakt zullen de prijzen van de woningen flink dalen, en digital audiotape is voor veel kopers erg gunstig. Maar digital audiotape heeft nog wel tijd nodig voordat het zo ver is.Conclusievolgt subsequentlyBronnenlijstwww.vrom.nlwww.postbus51.nlhypertext transfer protocol: //www.hypotheker.nl/Hypotheken/Ik+wil+een+woning+kopen/Hoe+koop+ik+een+woning/Het+koopproces/hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vrominspectie.nl/onderwerpen/wonen/huisvestingswet/hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vrom.nl/pagina.html? id=8297hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vrom.nl/pagina.html? id=1hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vrom.nl/pagina.html? id=10869hypertext transfer protocol: //nl.wikipedia. org/wiki/Woningwet_1901hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vrom.nl/pagina.html? id=18236hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vrom.nl/pagina.html? id=44615hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vrom.nl/pagina.html? id=18245 # a6hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vrom.nl/pagina.html? id=7391hypertext transfer protocol: //vrom.nl/pagina.html? id=8351 # a10hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vrom.nl/pagina.html? id=23334hypertext transfer protocol: //nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotheekrenteaftrekhypertext transfer protocol: //financieel.infonu.nl/hypotheek/18127-dalen-de-huizenprijzen.htmlhypertext transfer protocol: //www.z24.nl/z24geld/huizen_wonen/artikel_34949.z24/Wat_doet_de_crisis_met_de_huizenprijs__.htmlhypertext transfer protocol: //www.rtl.nl/ ( /financien/rtlz/nieuws/ ) /components/financien/rtlz/2010/weken_2010/16/0421_1745-Gezinnen-kunnen-moeilijker-hypotheek-krijgen.xmlhypertext transfer protocol: //www.postbus51.nl/hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hypotheker.nl/hypotheken/ik+wil+ee n+woning+kopen/wat+doen+de+huizenprijzen/verwachtingen/default.htmhypertext transfer protocol: //www.eigenhuis.nl/VerenigingEigenHuis/Actueel/Woonpeil/Woonpeil12extra.htmhypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_72M & A ; O boek ( hoofdstuk hypotheken )

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TESTING A TOOL(FORM) FOR HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS TO PREVENT DVT - Essay Example Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) are the main components of VTE. According to Kahn, et al, 2007, such symptomatic events are seen in medical patients that make up sixty percent of all hospital admissions. These thromboembolic events are preventable and the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) constantly provides guidelines on the basis of updated evidence on the prevention of VTE (Kahn, et al, 2007). The latest guidelines from ACCP recommend the use of thromboprophylaxis options in the prevention of VTE among patients with moderate to high risk for VTE. There is strong scientific evidence supported by solid principles in the use of thromboprohylaxis as recommended by ACCP. Many of the hospitalized patients have one or more risk factors for VTE, which are usually cumulative. In the absence of any prophylaxis, objective evidence suggests that between ten to forty percent of patients admitted for medical illnesses or general surgery and forty to sixty percen t of those patients admitted for orthopedic surgery develop VTE. This gives strength to the relevance of thromboprophylaxis in hospitalized patients (Geerts, et al, 2004). However, Arnold, Kahn, and Shrier, 2001, claim that in spite of ACCP guidelines encouraging the use of thromboprophylaxis in the prevention of VTE, these guidelines are not always followed leading to the occurrence of VTE. Furthermore the inadequacy seen in the use of prophylaxis stems quite often from omission of prophylaxis (Arnold, Kahn & Shrier, 2001). The ACCP guidelines recommend the use of prophylaxis in the prevention of VTE, to reduce the mortality and morbidity of patients hospitalized for surgical procedures and medical illness. Yet, there is inadequacy in the use of prophylaxis in the prevention of VTE, which frequently is due to omission on the part of the physicians. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of an

Introduction to disseration Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Introduction to disseration - Dissertation Example Based on the Pew Internet Project, the most dominant social network is MySpace and popular among teens; in fact, this site is used by 85% of them since it allows users almost unlimited flexibility in order to create and to customize profile pages (share music, videos,posts, etc.). The next most favorite social networking site is Facebook, which puts a bigger emphasis on people that users have been connected with. Other popular social networking sites include Yahoo, Xanga, and Bebo (Hall, 2007). PEW reports also that around 50% of teenagers also use the sites for the purpose of making new friends, create social plans with friends; and sometimes to flirt. Like most teenagers, other Individual users are known to vary their tendency to adopt and use new technologies like the internet; it is also unclear which personality 2 traits of users are more innovative in information technology than others. This is essential (Nov & Ye, 2008) because personality traits are useful in psychology; in o rder to provide explanation about behaviour and human beliefs. In fact, there have been growing interest on this discipline being very useful as explanatory tool of social users' behavior. On the contrary, there is limited understanding about the interaction between the unique behaviors of the various Internet users, so with the variety of ways that information in the Internet must be presented (Amichai-Hamburger, Kaynar, & Fine, 2005). Studies have shown the connection between the internet users' behaviors on line and individual personality of the user and such connection is highly significant. Moreover, along with the social network's benefits come some risks. Majority of the social networking sites are wide-open to the public, which implies that â€Å"minors† could be exposed to bullying, harassment, or sexual advances. Cyber-bullying, as well as harassment are primarily often perpetrated by other individuals and tend to occur or experience among girls who have a strong se nse of online presence that may take several forms like: publicizing private instant messages, posting threatening messages, text messages or e-mails, spreading rumors, and posting photos that will lead or cause embarrassment. Much of the evident academic research on Facebook has focused towards identity presentation and also on privacy concerns ( Stutzman, 2006; Gross & Acquisti, 2005). Upon observing the amount of information Facebook users provide about themselves, lack of privacy controls by the users, and the relatively open access of information 3 Gross and Acquisti (2005) point out that users may be placing themselves at risk both online (e.g., identify theft) and offline (e.g., stalking). Other current Facebook research reviews student perceptions of instructor temporal patterns of utilization (Golder, Wilkinson, & Huberman, 2007), self-disclosure and presence (Hewitt & Forte, 2006; Mazer, Murphy, & Simonds, 2007), and the relationship between friendship articulation and( pr ofile structure Lampe, Ellison, & Steinfield, 2007). There are also cases (Hall, 2011) that put teens in greater danger such as when this age group become targets of many pedophiles. The anonymity of various social networking sites can make it easier for unscrupulous people to victimize young

Discrimination Bachelor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Discrimination Bachelor - Essay Example Fortunately for many, most first world, developed and progressive societies have always prided themselves in upholding the rights of their citizens. In areas of the world such as North America and Western Europe, few people live in fear of the government; they fully expect their rights to be upheld. Even women, who, in many countries, have enjoyed political and religious freedom to lesser degrees than the men, now, are able to freely voice their own opinions. These expressions can lead to healthy debate about relevant social issues. In a perfect world, the opinions of all would be heard in an environment conducive to greater understanding and acceptance in general. However, as Western society has progressed in areas such as technology, medicine, and communication, understanding and acceptance have lagged behind. In some cases, the opinions of some smaller groups have had a major impact on political decisions which can, in turn, affect the rights of citizens. Debates rage about an abundance of social and international issues, but one which has become an immensely serious threat to the rights of citizens is abortion. ... When examining the issue of reproductive rights, an obvious first question is "Whose rights are to be protected" Different groups will give different answers. The pro-life groups will advocate for the fetus' rights. Pro-choice groups will hail the rights of women. Still other groups will support the fathers, rights. What happens when these rights inevitably conflict The answer lies in a confusing web of politics, religion, and culture. In order to fully understand the current spectrum of reproductive rights and freedoms, one must first take a look at its history. One of the first reproductive issues to affect society was that of birth control. Linda Gordon explains that the first uses of birth control arose from the necessity of the nomadic life. Clans moving from place to place so often had to travel lightly, so a large family was a hindrance to this lifestyle. As societies grew around agriculture, the shift towards large families became important for division of labor reasons. At this point, birth control was not an issue because, economically, more children meant more workers (1990). Unfortunately, early forms of birth control were largely the products of old wives tales and meticulous timing; they were not terrible effective. As a result, the desire to terminate pregnancies arose. According to Josephine (2002), induced termination of pregnancy, otherwise known as abortion, has been practiced since the time of the early Greeks and recorded in historical documents. Undeniably, abortion is an old societal issue. The legality of abortion, however, is a different story. Abortion in any form was not legal in the United Kingdom in the 1800s (Josephine, 2002). The Infant Life

Impact of competitive environment and product life cycle of sony Essay

Impact of competitive environment and product life cycle of sony camera TF-1 - Essay Example The camera is also dust proof. The competitiveness in the market makes the Sony camera TF-1 innovative and progressive. The camera has a well-designed snapper, and performs better as compared to all other cameras in the industry. The company focuses on improving the resolution of the F-1 camera versions. According to GibaldI (2010, 41), Sony restructures its camera in a bid to have a competitive edge. The restructuring will help reduce the cost of manufacturing and improvement of camera quality. This company also seeks the design of camera its competitors are offering in the market (Sahlin, 2012, 61). This will help the marketing team to select the suitable camera to present in the market. In a wider sense, the marketing strategy of the Sony Company boosts the sales of the company significantly. Through the camera differentiation, consumers are able to visualize the cameras be offered in real time (Standage, 2012, 23). Sony, through the enhanced strategy of the snapper is able to widen customer base. Marketing influences the strengths and weaknesses of the Sony. The Sony Company also applies promotion to the determination of the number of clients made on a daily basis. The major goal for Sony is the maintenance of its current customers in order to boost the sales revenue. According to White (2013, 83), the marketing strategy that Sony uses is wide and varied. For instance, the cameras can be established using different design materials to ensure a new look. The camera design improves when the branding system is above board and effective. Branding, as is conventionally known can potentially change the TF-1’s look. Sony should, come up with fashionable design of camera that is able to demystify the use of other low quality cameras. The camera’s lifecycle is comprehensive because it incorporates the developmental stage of the camera and the decline stage of the camera’s performance. The

Risk managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Risk managment - Essay Example This experience is of immense help to the management studies and the hospitality industry, particularly in these days of great emphasis on globalization and expanding service industry. From the days of human existence as food gatherers to the present day global enterprises, mankind faced risks. It is appropriate to say that risk and enterprise go hand in hand. Fortunately, the science of risk management has also been expanding based on the experiences on one hand, and the compelling laws that define an enterprise’s responsibility in the event of a disaster. Industrial revolution and expanding markets gave rise to increased use of machinery as well as laborers in the production processes, thus multiplying risks. The character and expanse of risks are changing from individuals to communities, from human beings to natural environment, from local areas to global spread and much more. From the relatively simple industrial accidents to the massive disasters such as the nuclear power plants at The Three Mile Islands and the Chernobyl plant, the Bhopal Gas Tragedy, the Exxon-Valdez/BP-Gulf of Mexico oil spills we have witnessed the changing face of enterprise risks. Significant developments in the form of globalization is leading to another kind of risk viz., the financial risk that spreads across the globe in quick time as was witnessed during the Asian crisis of the late 90s and the global meltdown in the past two years. With the emergence of the Internet and information technology, newer kind of risks includes systemic problems, fraud, and privacy issues. The term risk could mean deviating from the normal course of a particular structure, activity or establishment, as the case maybe, which means it is probable that something could happen and this is within a range, which is from 0 to 100 percent probability. In other words, it

12 angry men Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

12 angry men - Essay Example It is only juror no. 8, who offers a dissenting opinion and queries all the prosecutor’s evidences against the defendant. He goes to an extent of purchasing a knife that is akin to the one presented as murder evidence in a bid to convince fellow jurors that the prosecutor’s claim of â€Å"unique† was misplaced. The dissenting juror finally manages to influence the opinion of the entire jury and drag them into the world of â€Å"reasonable doubt†. However, his reasons seem quite ludicrous. By making his queer judgments about the witnesses and pronouncing outrageous claims to disown them, juror number 8 appears quite bizarre. The juror goes ahead to disown another key witness who heard the crime taking place by asserting the claim that the old man probably made up his story to boost his ego. It is funny how the dissenting juror finally manages to get the other 11 jurors, who were initially convinced that the accused is guilty of murder, into his ship where reasonable doubt dictates all the evidence against the accused. The ruling of the jury is similarly interesting. The jurors unanimously make certain witness and evidence assumptions and conclude that the defendant is not guilty of murder. It is apparent that the other jurors arrive at this conclusion as an escape from looming argume nt with juror number 8. In my opinion, the jury made a big mistake. The defendant should have been held guilty for the offense. Since when has a juror become an investigator in a case over which he presides? When operating in accordance with the law, jurors are barred from performing their own investigations in cases. As such, Juror number 8 should have been substituted with another juror if the other eleven members of the jury had reported him trying to conduct his own investigation. By failing to abide by the requirement of the law, the entire jury appears to have seriously

Strategy and Corporate Planning PowerGen Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Strategy and Corporate Planning PowerGen - Essay Example The report starts with analyzing the effect of the organizational change on corporate planning. It is found that PowerGen reorganized itself three times between 1990 and 1998. The changes in the organizational structure had to be supported with effective corporate plans which specified the roles and responsibilities of each function. Initially, PowerGen had a centralized structure which underwent a complete transformation to a decentralized operation with unit managers at each business level being given wider responsibilities. The next section tries to analyze the core competencies and capabilities which have helped PowerGen to maintain its market share. It has been found that PowerGen’s focus was to supply electricity at a low cost. It formed an effective supply chain across various geographical locations and by partnering with various companies which helped it to produce electricity at low cost. This section also analyzes the core competencies and capabilities of two other major players in the industry which are EDF and E.ON. The last section deals with understanding the effect of privatization and deregulation and PowerGen’s merger with Midland electricity which was a major strategic move and helped PowerGen immensely to stay ahead of the competition. The report ends with an analysis of the centralized system of planning adopted by CEGB in the context of Hofstede’s article titled â€Å"Cultural constraints in management theories†. It shows the importance of cultural aspects while dealing with employees. The end product of electricity industry is one of the fastest growing industries in the world. The spiraling demand for energy is expected to rise considerably till 2030. The total value of the electricity market comprises of the total electricity sold to commercial, industrial, residential and other users. In 2007, the total value of the market increased by 14.5%.

Internet and marketing strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Internet and marketing strategy - Essay Example (Definition) It is also "referred to as online marketing or Emarketing, is the marketing of products or services over the Internet. The Internet has brought many unique benefits to marketing including low costs in distributing information and media to a global audience. The interactive nature of Internet marketing, both in terms of instant response, and in eliciting response, are unique qualities of the medium. Internet marketing ties together creative and technical aspects of the internet, including design, development, advertising and sales. Internet marketing methods include search engine marketing, display advertising, e-mail marketing, affiliate marketing, interactive advertising, blog marketing, and viral marketing. Internet marketing is the process of growing and promoting an organization using online media. Internet marketing does not simply mean 'building a website' or 'promoting a website'. Somewhere behind that website is a real organization with real goals. Meanwhile, at this juncture, there is need to focus on Internet Marketing Business Model. But however, what is Business Model in particular. "A Business Model Draws on a Multitude Business Subjects, including economic, entrepreneurship, finance, marketing, operation and strategy. The Business Model itself is important determinant of profits to be made from innovation (Role of the Business Model) Additionally, there are six components of Business Model, these are; Value preposition, Market Segment, Value Chain Structure, Revenue Generation and Margins, Position in Value and lastly Competitive Strategy. MARKETING STRATEGY It is well known fact that "An Internet Marketing Strategy is fast becoming an integral part of marketing and PR manager's 'hat.' Blogs, online press releases, media rooms, SEM, interactive elements, and rich media are aspects of the job every marketing and PR professional must get their wits around. An effective Internet Marketing Strategy is vital your business success today. What people see when they do a search does influence their perception of your company. It also affects your brand value.And now that the search engines have changed the way they display results with theintegration of news, blogs, and feeds and video into the web search results pages, there aremore PR opportunities in search than ever before". (On line PR Lessons of 2007) However, there are 10 most known Internet Marketing Strategy that should be adapted in order to make the E-Business effectively and successful indeed. They are as follows: 1. The E-marketing planning process: "The integration of e-marketing-specific objectives, strategies and activities into the traditional annual marketing planning process". (Top 10 Strategic E-Marketing Issue) 2. Organizing and resourcing for e-marketing: "As the importance of online channels increase, the structure of the marketing organization and responsibilities may need to change to maximize the opportunities available through new media". (Top 10 Strategic E-Marketing Issues) 3. Defining the Online value proposition (OVP :): "To achieve

Life is like a box of chocolates Essay Example for Free

Life is like a box of chocolates Essay At first glance the quote life is like a box of chocolates seems rather silly. How could such a large and complicated concept such as life be compared to something as small and simple as a box of chocolates? There have been two opposing viewpoints in regards to the meaning of this quote, and each viewpoint comes about by a different analysis of what life and chocolates represent as well as what they mean in todays world. The conclusion to the question can only come about through a thorough examination of the quote itself along with its possible entailments to see what both groups of people deem important and what they choose to ignore. Both arguments seem to work well to counter the other and show the flaws in the other explanations theory. According to the World Book Encyclopedia, life is a state, existence, or principle of existence conceived as belonging to the soul. Most people, when questioned about life would not have a very clear or concise answer because life is not something that is wholly tangible. In general life is considered to be everything that happens to a person from the moment they are born to the moment they die. All of their interactions with the world and all of their thoughts and actions. There does not seem to be any plan or order to these events, just everything that happens. Everything. Life is a long process with good, bad and indifferent points. According to the World Book Encyclopedia, a box is a container, usually with four stiff sides, a bottom, and a lid to pack or put things in, and chocolate is a substance made by roasting and grinding cacao seeds. A box of chocolates would logically be a container which holds cacao products. A scientific dissection of a box of chocolates would show a box (usually rectangular or heart shaped) filled with anywhere from one to dozens of small, individually wrapped chocolates. Usually the type of chocolate and the filling of each individual varies inside a given package. In America however, a box of chocolates means much more then this simple addition of definitions and a direct visual analysis would lead one to believe. A box of chocolates, in our referent system, is a symbol. It generally symbolizes  love, and through metonymy, has been made to mean love. When a gift of a box of chocolates is given on Valentines Day, it more than symbolizes love, it actually means love. The meanings have become blurred over the years as chocolate has become a standard gift. It is not an original thought to give someone chocolate, but more a means of showing love. Not an act of love, but merely an expression of love. The first group of people generally finish the simile life is like a box of chocolates with the conclusion you never know what youre gonna get. This group views all the meanings of life and of the box of chocolates and found the best compilation to be that both in life, and in chocolates, there is randomness and a lack of order. When a person walks out of the front door of his house on a Monday morning, there is no way for him to know if he is going to find a hundred dollar bill tucked under his doormat, or a large meteor that has fallen and crushed his car. Its hard to know if a day is going to be a good day or a bad day, you just know that it will be a day. The same holds true for eating a box of chocolates. When you open a box of chocolates, there are rows of non-differentiated chocolates. They all look the same, and yet you know some are filled with cream, some with caramel and some with coconut. When you pick one up, much like when the man opens his front door, there is no way of knowing if you will get a good chocolate (cream) or a bad chocolate (coconut), you just know youll get a chocolate. For both examples it will not be easy to tell if it was good or bad until the chocolate, or the day, has been completed. You never know what will happen. The second group of people generally finish the simile life is like a box of chocolates with the conclusion a thoughtless perfunctory gift that nobody really wants. This group takes up an opposing analysis and says that the important part of chocolates is not the randomness of them within the package, but instead the symbol that people dont really think in life, but instead just perform as they are expected to. Since chocolates have come to mean love, people no longer do creative things to express their love. They simple buy chocolates. Once the chocolates are delivered, then what. People dont actually want the chocolates, they want the love. Since the chocolates  have assumed the meaning of love, the chocolates themselves go to waste. Who wants to eat their love? Instead of being eaten immediately, as chocolates are truly intended to be, they are showed to friends and relatives, and eventually put on a shelf or in a cabinet. They will get eaten if someone shows desire, but its not important. Under this interpretation, life is pointless and merely for show. People dont do things because it is what they feel that they should, people do things because they are expected to (just as the lover is expected to give chocolate). It is better to put up an lofty facade, then to be true and honest to the people around you.

Rail Transport Track

Rail Transport Track SLOVENIAN RAILORADS Rail transport Is the transport of passengers and goods along railways or railroads. A railway can be broken down into two major components. Basically these are the items which move, the locomotives, passenger carrying vehicles (coaches), freight carrying vehicles (goods wagons / freight cars) and those which are fixed, usually referred to as its infrastructure. This category includes the permanent way (tracks) and buildings (stations, freight facilities, viaducts and tunnels). The operation of the railway is through a system of control, originally by mechanical means, nowadays, in most places, electronic and computerised. The volume of traffic on the line dictates the number of tracks required for its operation. These consist of short stretches of double track which allow trains to pass each another. Alternatively, and particularly on freight lines, there may be longer sections of the line that are double track. These sections must be able to accommodate the longest train which normally works on t hat line. Effective traffic control is carried out by a token system. where only one token is available for each single line section. Originally this token was physically exchanged between signalman and driver, later by mechanical means using a device on the locomotive cab side whilst nowadays this system has largely been replaced by an electronic system. The development path of Slovenske Ã… ¾eleznice leads us past old Austria, which Slovenia formed part of until 1918, when Slovenians could witness the start and flourishing of railways in their country. Therefore, the table unavoidably contains major events from the histories of both Austrian and Slovenian railways. Infrastructure Transport corridors Because of political and economical co-operation between European countries after 1990, the need emerged to design a trans-European transport network including all types of transport and to join all European countries by 2010. In railway transport, the network is composed of ten trans-European corridors: 5th corridor and 10th corridor Types of railway track Railway tracks are divided into main and local tracks. They are also divided by the number of tracks. One of them are one-track rails (trains use the same track for both directions) and the others are two-track rails (each track is used for train traffic in a certain direction. Superlatives and statistic dates In terms of the length of the lines and its infrastructure, it is difficult to compare Slovenian railroad with other railway in Europe. However, given Slovenias geographical variety our lines involve some interesting information. Some of those are: The steepest line is from PrvaÄ ina to Ã…  tanjel, the highest railway station is 582 above see level and the lowest is in Koper only 3 m above see level. The longest bridge is in Novo mesto (575 m). The highest bridge is in Most na SoÄ i which is 30 m high. The oldest line is form Ã…  entilj to Celje which was bild on 2 June 1846. Some statistics dates for Slovenian railway: The length of all lines of railway is 1228,6 km. There number of viaducts and culverts is 3.181 and there length is 13,1 km. There are also 93 tunnels and galleries and there length together is 37,3 km. In Slovenia we also have 128 stations, 11 of them are only for freight transport, 10 for passenger transport and 107 for combined transport. International transport In Slovenia passenger transportation is not as important as cargo transportation. That is especially because the trains in Slovenia are slow, uncomfortable, and quite old. Luka Koper is a very important factor for railways and the international transport in Slovenia. Cargo arrives to Slovenia by see and in the harbor it is unloaded of ships and it continues its way mostly by railways to countries like: Austria, Slovakia, Hungary,†¦ In Slovenia the biggest percent of passengers represent the students. And that is especially because of their economical condition. But in many countries across the Europe the trains travel with speeds up to 300 km/hour, are much more punctual, comfortable and also cheep. Slovenia has a direct railway connection with some of those countries. From Ljubljana it is possible to travel to some of European countries. TICKETS AND DISCOUNTS There are a lot of different kinds of tickets and discounts. Different companies give discount to different passengers. Mostly yang people to the age 26 have discounts, and also children and elderly. Some railway companies give discount also to larger groups. SLEEPING CARS AND COUCHETTES Because travelling abroad usually means that journeys will be long, passengers have a possibility to decide for sleeping cars or couchettes. Usually that is possible if the departure is at night. The advantage for travelling with night trains is that you are well-rested, because you are able to get some sleep. Night trains are very convenient if you travel from one city to a another city and you have a byssi schedule. TRANSPORTING CARS AND ANIMALS Cars and bicycles can be transported to trains, but only on certain stations, and at certain time. Cars must not be to high or to heavy. Reservations for cars must be made early enough, and you must be there early enough to load the vehicles. Animals can also be transported, but only smaller animals. The owners are fully responsible for their pet. But the animal must not disturb other passengers. Inland transport 1. DISCOUNTS: Special discounts have children and youth, the elderly and pensioners, families, bigger groups, groups of young people, groups of children,†¦ 2. TYPES OF TICKETS; One way: They sell one-way tickets for all types of trains, for all days of the week, up to two months in advance. Return: They sell return tickets for all types of trains, for all days of the week, up to two months in advance. School: For primary school pupils, secondary school pupils, apprentices and students of college and university programmes, for daily journeys from the place of ones residence to the place of schooling or of performing obligatory practice, and back. Semi-annual, Annual and Monthly: All passengers can buy tickets, whereas student tickets are reserved for pupils, students and apprentices upon submitting the appropriate evidence (certificate or application). Flat rate: For those wishing to travel on all lines of Slovenske Ã… ¾eleznice on all types of trains, first or second class. Slovenian Rail Pass: Slovenian Rail Pass is valid for an unlimited number of journies in Slovenia within 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 successive days. It is intended for  persons, who do not live in Slovenia. 3. WAGON OR TRAIN RENTAL-it is possible to rent special wagons attached to regular trains or even an entire special train. A special wagon must be ordered at least 8 days in advance and a special train at least 15 days in advance. 4. TRAIN AND BUS Combined Train Bus Ticket Combined train bus tickets (weekly and monthly tickets), in co-operation between Slovenian Railways and KAM-BUS since 1996, are available for the Ljubljana-Kamnik line.

Youth Work And Anti Social Behaviour Criminology Essay

Youth Work And Anti Social Behaviour Criminology Essay The purpose of this research is to investigate and explore whether youth work helps in preventing Anti-Social Behaviour (ASB) amongst young people. It is a worthwhile task to research this specific area as there is little published research on the contribution of youth work in preventing ASB. The research was conducted using young people and youth workers from the youth centre that I was doing my placement in Warwickshire. The data collected was a mixture of both quantitative and qualitative, however the focus of the data collection was on qualitative data. The main findings from the study revealed that the majority of young people and youth workers felt that attending the youth club helps to keep young people out of trouble. It was confirmed that youth clubs play an important role in informing young people about crime and justice issues, and that young people are likely to approach youth workers for help and advice. The services deemed important by young people were highlighted, and differences have been recognised between the services deemed most important to provide by young people and youth workers. Issues regarding the role of youth workers were raised, with differing opinions from both young people and youth workers. It has been illustrated that young people have a very positive attitude towards both youth work and youth workers, which is very important if youth workers are to build and maintain good relationships with young people. It is hoped that this research will provide a valuable insight into the possible role of youth work in preventing ASB to those who work in the field of youth work and crime prevention. Introduction The purpose of this study is to explore the potential role of youth work in preventing Anti-social behaviour(ASB). The topic of ASB and youth crime is one used in election campaigns by all political parties. Since New Labour came to power in 1997 there have been numerous citations of Tony Blairs slogan tough on crime, tough on the causes of crime, especially with regard to the phenomenon of youth crime. The purpose of this research therefore is to add to the debate on ASB prevention and to investigate a potential avenue that could help prevent it, that is, Youth Work. Relatively little published research has been conducted in the UK specifically on youth work and ASB or crime prevention, especially when compared to the US where Sherman et al (1997) has conducted interesting research. It is the purpose of this piece of research to reduce this gap in knowledge. It is hoped that this research will inform both those who work in the youth work arena and crime prevention strategists in general of the possibilities that youth work holds. 1.2 Aims and Objectives The title of the project is Investigate and Explore the role of Youth Work in preventing Anti-Social Behaviour. The broad aim was to explore whether youth work plays a role in preventing young people commit Anti-Social Behaviour (ASB) or in severe cases Crime. The objectives of the research were: To search, review and critically examine the available literature on youth work and youth crime prevention. To determine the role and nature of the youth clubs and youth workers in relation to crime prevention To demonstrate and compare the perceptions of youth work from those who attend youth clubs and those who act in the role of youth worker. To establish whether youth work can be an effective means in preventing youth crime 1.3 Definition of terms used There are debates about the precise meaning of the key terms used in this research, therefore these debates will be briefly outlined and the use of terminology justified. There are three main terms that are used within this report that must be defined. These are: anti-social behaviour, youth crime, youth work and young people. These terms each have their own meanings that are debated by academics, researchers, politicians and even the media. The biggest debates regarding terminology centre on the terms youth crime and young people therefore these will be discussed first. There are two initial problems that occur when attempting to define youth crime. Firstly the problem in defining exactly what crime is, and secondly the problem in defining exactly what youth is. Muncie states the common definition of crime usually takes the form similar to that of an act prohibited by criminal law (2004:39). Michael and Adler (1933) take this further stating that in other words, no act can be considered a crime, irrespective of how immoral or damaging it may be, unless it has been made such by legislation (cited by Muncie, 2004:39). On first examination, this definition may seem perfectly viable, however in respect of young people it is argued that such a legal uncontroversial definition is unable to capture the full extent of troublesome behaviour. It is for these reasons that criminologists have used terms such as delinquency and antisocial behaviour to refer to youth misconduct which is not deemed criminal by the law, but is otherwise troublesome. The use of such terms are used to label and criticise youth behaviour such as hanging around on the streets or being loud as anti-social when this would not necessarily be the case had an adult been behaving in the same manner. These terms therefore provide a way in which to discriminate against young peoples, often not excessively offensive, behaviour. With regard to anti-social behaviour, even a definition of what amounts to this has contrasting perspectives. For example, Rutter, Giller and Hagell define anti-social behaviour as criminal behaviour whereas the Home Office do not (1998:1). This could indicate that the location and context in which the term is used can be of significance. It is submitted that over time and in different societies our constructions of what constitutes criminality clearly change. Support for this can be found from Becker who argues that crime is a consequence of social interaction and that crime only occurs once it has been criminalized through public perception and social reaction. Sumner (1990) supports Beckers view and argues that crime and deviance are matters of moral and political judgement as they are ideological concepts that justify inequality (cited in Muncie, 2004:40). Defining youth is also a problematic task. If attempting to define youth by reference to age, there are no precise moments that mark when childhood ends and adulthood begins (Muncie, 2004:41). This important change has become known as the transition between childhood and adulthood. Spence argues that transition suggests a journey from one state to another, involving both personal and social aspects, and it is therefore dependent upon the idea that the two stages are distinct conditions and fundamentally different (2004: 48). One possible approach to pinpoint the occurrence of this transition is to use the age of criminal responsibility, which is currently 10 years old in England and Wales. Ultimately, the concept of youth is one that suggests similarity amongst people of similar age whilst acting as the basis for creating social rules and institutions that reinforce these apparent similarities (Spence, 2005, p.47). However, despite these definitional problems it is important to define youth in relation to crime. In England and Wales, a person who commits a criminal offence who is between the ages of 10 and 17 years will be treated as a juvenile offender, whereas an individual who commits a criminal offence and is between the ages of 18 and 21 years will be tried as a young offender (Davies, Croall and Tyrer (2004. p.57). Having taken these debates into consideration, the use of these terms throughout this report have been used to mean the following: the term youth crime refers to crime committed by those individuals under the age of 18 years, and the term crime indicates an act prohibited by criminal law (Muncie, 2004, p.39). The term young people has been used to mean those individuals over the age of 10 years and below the age of 18 years, as this also reflects the age of criminal responsibility in England and Wales. With regard to youth work, it is difficult to give a text book explanation of exactly what youth work is and research has illustrated that youth workers themselves find it difficult to put their role into a sentence that gives justice to both the work of the youth worker and that of the young person (Ingram and Harris, 2005, p.11-12). The nearest one will find to a formal definition of what youth work entails can be found in the statement of values and principles from the National Youth Agency (NYA), which states that the nature and purpose of youth work is: to facilitate and support young peoples growth through dependence to interdependence, by encouraging their personal and social development and enabling them to have a voice, influence and place in their communities and society. (NYA, 2005:17). It is through this definition that the researcher uses the term youth work to mean working with young people to help them achieve a sense of personal fulfilment, as well as work that can help and advice young people in their daily life choices and activities. The term youth worker therefore is used to describe those who carry out this role. 1.4 Organisation of the report The report is divided into four chapters as follows: Chapter Two reviews the design and methodology adopted to conduct the research and provides justification for the design and methods used. Chapter Three presents the findings of the research and analyse these appropriately. Chapter Four is the final chapter and will discuss the main findings from the research. It will also draw on these findings and the literature review in order to argue that youth work has the potential to make a significant contribution to ASB prevention and recommendations for policy makers, practice and further research. The appendices contain copies of all relevant documents referred to throughout the research. CHAPTER 2 Design and Methodology Research Design and methods The overall design of this research incorporated both quantitative and qualitative methods. The researcher aimed to collect these forms of data using questionnaires and focus groups. One set of questionnaires was distributed to six youth workers who works at the youth club. Semi-structured questions formed the interview questions used in focus groups with young people. As the research was an investigation the use of questionnaires was deemed appropriate for the collection of both quantitative and qualitative data. Throughout the literature review, it is clear that there is a number of research/theories and approaches that are based on facts within the topic of ASB. An example is that the Home Office have established that young people with a troubled home life are at higher risk of being involved in ASB and crime than those who have not. Using a quantitative design would be inadequate to offer alternative explanations and explain different personal circumstances, for example, why young people who have come from troubled family life get involved in ASB. My research question requires me to ask young people and youth workers whether youth work helps in preventing ASB. A qualitative design would therefore benefit me as it would allow me to ask young people directly through the use of semi-structured interviews. This would therefore include their individual understanding and experiences, rather than being given a choice of options to choose from. It has been stated that qualitative and quantitative research each reflects a different epistemological stance, which ultimately widens the gap between the two (Bryman, 1992). In terms of epistemological framework, quantitative research is strongly linked to the positivist method of studying society, therefore observing the world in an objective manner, whereas qualitative research entails a more subjective approach. These theories explain why quantitative data is often viewed as hard data and qualitative data as real and deep (OReilly, 1996:7). It is therefore submitted that it is not a disadvantage to combine quantitative and qualitative data, but that it is an advantage as the utilisation of the two methods allows for an in-depth investigation, which will allow a more complete account[s] of social reality (Bryman, 1992:126). Questionnaires According to Robson, (2002:230), questionnaires are seen as a predominantly quantitative research method. The questionnaires used in this research asked questions about young people and ASB from the workers point of view, and included both tick boxes and also opportunities to explain further. This offered the researcher qualitative data from the questionnaires. The questionnaire also contained personal data including age, gender, ethnicity, disability and sexuality. Participants were however not asked for their name or any details which would have enabled them to be identified. Below is a table adapted from Munn and Drever(1990) and Sarantakos(2005) which shows the benefits and drawbacks of questionnaires. Fig 1. Benefits Drawbacks Efficient use of time Greater assurance of anonymity for participants Standardised questions and format for data collection Production for quick results Less opportunity for researcher bias Easier for data analysis Allow for a greater coverage of participants Information tends to describe rather than explain Information can be superficial No room for probing, prompting or clarification No opportunity to provide motivation for the participant to take part Identity and conditions are not known Do not allow for additional information The main benefit of using questionnaires in this research was the ability to gain information in a relatively straight forward. This was also helpful for the data analysis stage as questions were all standardised and could easily be organised to produce results for analysis. Focus groups The other method used to collect data in this research was focus groups. Morgan(1998:1) states that, focus groups are group interviews. A moderator guides the interview while a small group discusses the topics that the interviewer raises. Morgan went on to talk about the growth of focus groups as a qualitative research method and how discussions that takes place generate a rich understanding of participants experiences and beliefs'(1998:11). The purpose of a focus group in this research was to offer a deep insight and gain a greater understanding of the opinions that exist towards the research question being explored. Sarantakos (2005) talks about how focus groups can be used as a tool to explain trends and variances through the views of respondents. Below is a table that shows the pros and cons of using focus groups and have been taken from Morgan(1997) and (1998), Bloor et al (2001), Sarantakos (2005). Fig 2 Benefits Drawbacks Ability to gain understanding o complex issues through group discussions Ability to understand uncertainties and ambiguity that can underlie group assessments Allow for easier comparisons of opinions and the similarities and differences that exist Recording data can be problematic Being in a group may hide peoples real opinions The process can be dominated by some members There can be difficulties keeping discussions on track Findings may not be represented The reason why these two methods were used in the research was to enhance the data collected and to enable the researcher to gain a deeper understanding of feelings and opinions that surround the subject. This use of multiple methods is becoming common in social researches which, as stated by Boer et al (2001:12), contribute to the parallel mushrooming commitment of academic researchers to triangulation. Triangulation is a process by which different methods are employed by researchers to ensure that the methods themselves do not distort data but instead produce similar findings. Implementation and changes to Design Due to selected young people not turning up for the focus group, the researcher had to randomly select young people who were present at the time who fitted the criteria. This meant having to postpone the time and some planned activities as the young people had to seek consent first to participate from parents/carers and bring to the researcher signed forms. This meant that the researcher had to do one focus group instead of two that had been planned in the research proposal. Although it would have been good to have two focus group so as to look for similarities and differences in young peoples views, having one group did not make much difference as the researcher felt the young people who participated were a fair representatives of young people who attend youth clubs. Having one focus group, in the researchers opinion was more than enough as the researcher had to consider time needed for analysis. 2.5 Sample Selection and Details of Participants In total there were 14 participants in the study: eight young people, and six youth workers. It was felt that although this was a relatively small sample, it would allow for a greater degree of qualitative data to be collected and analysed. The researcher felt that the sample of young people was, fairly representative of those attending the youth clubs. The sampling method used was convenience or accidental sampling which involves choosing the nearest and most convenience persons to act as respondents. Robson(2002:265). The main limitations to this type of sampling is that there is no way to tell if the findings are representatives of the population or not. Robson(2002:265). However, the researcher tried to make sure that many groups were represented in the study including every age group and gender. One key group that was not included was young people from ethnic minorities group. This was due to the fact that at the time no one who fitted the criteria was present and the area is dominantly white. The participants (both youth workers and young people) were all white British. The age range of the young people was between 13 and 16 years old, with 37.5% being female and 62.5% male. The youth worker participants were 66.7% female and 33.3% male. The table below(Fig 3) shows a detailed breakdown of all participants. Young people Age(years) Male Female Total 13 1 1 2 14 1 1 2 15 2 1 3 16 1 1 Fig 4 Youth Workers Age range Female Male Total 18-25 2 2 25-30 1 1 2 30+ 1 1 2 2.6 Young Peoples Focus Group The researcher arranged semi-structured questions in advance and sent them to the Youth Worker in charge for approval. A place and time was allocated where the group would not be disturbed. By planning in advance, the researcher was able to avoid interruptions and ensure people could not overhear the discussions. Facilitating a focus group allowed the researcher to be creative in the types of questions that she could ask. Interactive and visual exercises were included which enabled young people to keep focused, interested and engaged in the topic. 2.7 Youth workers questionnaire There were several questions that could be compared to the questions given to young people, in order to reach the objective of determining and comparing the perceptions of youth work from youth workers and young people. Due to the mixture of open and closed questions it was possible to extract both quantitative and qualitative data from the youth workers. However, because the sample size was relatively small the focus was to collect qualitative data that was rich in both information and experience. At the youth club the questionnaires were handed to the worker-in-charge who ensured that the researcher was handed the completed questionnaires back. All six questionnaires were completed and returned. Confidentiality was ensured and maintained throughout as the questionnaires were handed out with an envelope for use after completion of the questionnaire. 2.8 Ethical Issues It is vital when completing research that the importance of ethical issues is observed. (Walliman 2006:151). The ethical issues identified for this research can be found in the research proposal (Appedix). No further ethical issues were identified. Consent forms forms were all signed and retuned to the researcher. The researcher further emphasised on confidentiality issues within the group. Throughout the research, all the procedures identified to promote ethical practice were put into place. A place that was free from noise, interruptions or risks that others could overhear was used and this was important in maintaining confidentiality. 2.9 Data Analysis In presenting and discussing the research findings a mixture of summary and descriptive statistics were used. Generalizations from these statistics were kept to a minimum due to the research design and methods adopted. As the research sample was relatively small and manageable, the researcher felt confident to complete the statistical calculations herself. In addition, as the research sample was relatively small it was not thought appropriate to use any other statistical tests in the data analysis CHAPTER 3 FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS 3.1 Introduction The purpose of this chapter is to present the findings of the research and provide a basic interpretation of these findings. Quantifiable data will be presented in a graphical format. Qualitative data will be illustrated by quotes and written observations. The findings of the study have been provided through the use of data analysis by using a grounded theory approach. A grounded theory is dedicated to generating theories. It emphasises the importance of empirical fieldwork and the need to link any explanations very closely to what happens in the real world.(Denscombe, 2007:89) The researcher analysed the data after recording all of the information provided from the focus group onto one sheet. This meant putting all of the participants answers to each question together, therefore analysis on possible themes and categories was made easier. An example is provided in Fig 5 below: Key P1=Participant 1 Q1 What do you understand by the term Anti-Social Behaviour? P1- ermm, I think its crime committed by youth like young people P2- ohm ermm I dont know (pause) young people messing around on the streets getting into trouble P3- aint it just teenagers doing nothing on the streets or corner shops P4- Like graffiti, hanging on the streets, smoking, drinking, things that young people do P5- Its like all these guys with hoodies hanging about getting into trouble by misbehaving, acting stupid P6- Petty crime like hanging about on the streets, making noise, vandalising property I used this process to look at specific parts of the interviews which were important in order to meet my research objectives. My data analysis was based on looking for similarities or differences in the answers given and categorising relevant themes. Denscombe (2007:98) states that, the first stage of analysis involves the coding and categorizing of the data. This means the researcher begins to assign bits of raw data to particular categories. Careful scrutiny of the data will allow the researcher to see that certain bits of the data have something in common. 3.2 Focus Group-Young people The objective of having a focus group with young people was ultimately to discover their views on both the youth club they attended, the youth workers that worked there, and whether having a youth club helped keep the young people out of trouble, therefore addressing the issue of reducing and preventing youth crime. In order to do this it was considered important to discover how often the young people actually attended the clubs. Youth club attendance and spare time activities Figure 6 below illustrates that nearly two thirds of the young people, (5, which is 62.5%) attended whenever the clubs were open. It is argued that this is an important finding for the foundation of the research as if young people were not attending the clubs then the potential of youth work to help reduce Anti-social behaviour and crime would be dramatically reduced from the outset. As the youth clubs are regularly attended by young people it was felt that because the youth club studied in this research were not open seven days a week, it was important to try and discover what young people were doing in their spare time when they were not at the club. As was discussed in Chapter Two, according to research, social skills are an important part of the transition into adulthood (Spence, 2005). However, the effect of socialisation and peer group pressure can have differing effects on individuals. It is clear to see from figure 7 below, socialising with friends is a large part of the young peoples lives. It is interesting to observe that only a small proportion (2), which is a quarter of young people thought that they got into trouble in their spare time. This figure could be a result of several different factors such as different opinions as to what is classed as getting into trouble, for example is it only trouble if you have broken the law or when you are being antisocial? Subjective factors such as these could have affected the answers given by the participants and this must be kept in mind when analysing the findings Keeping out of trouble The young people were asked to rate the extent of their agreement to the statement coming to the youth club keeps me out of trouble (question 3). It is submitted that the results (see figure 8 below) are encouraging on several levels. Firstly, no one disagreed with the statement therefore it is possible to argue that the youth clubs could help reduce youth crime, at least for the period in which the young people attended the club. Support for this argument can be found in the fact that 62.5% of young people rated their extent of agreement at 4 or above on the scale. To make a direct comparison, the youth workers were asked the same question (question 6). The results are also illustrated in figure 3 above. It must be remembered when interpreting these findings that the sample size of the two groups were different, as the young people sample (n=8) was larger than the youth worker sample (n=6). The findings from the youth workers indicate a strong extent of agreement that youth clubs do help keep young people out of trouble, illustrated by the fact nearly all responses (4: 66.7%) were marked 4 or above on the scale. # Comparative means to indicate the level of agreement to the statement that youth clubs keep young people out of trouble The role of a youth worker: Question 1-Youth Workers/ Question 10-Young people It was important to discover what the young people and the youth workers perceived to be the role of a youth worker in order to see if there were any major differences. If they were there, these would need to be resolved in order to provide the service that young people want and need. The young people in the stated that someone to offer help/advice as the main role of a youth worker. Help/advice/guidance is one perception of the role that is shared by both the young people and youth workers. There was a difference in that young people felt that to provide activities was an element of the role, as opposed to youth workers. This information was difficult to quantify the data into categories in that the answers given by the youth workers were very serious, whereas the young peoples answers were more focused towards fun and activities as opposed to being focused on serious matters such as guidance The NYA promotes that the main purpose of youth work is the personal and social development of young people and their social inclusion (NYA, 2006:6). . In comparison to Mertons study (2004), which found the role of a youth worker to be a social educator and mentor, it is possible to argue that these elements are also visible in the findings from this research as helping, advising and guiding young people can fit into both of the roles Merton found. Referring to the literature review, I had based my research on the risk factors identified by the home office that increase the chances of young people be involved in ASB. Within these risk factors, peer pressure was established as one of the risk factors associated with ASB. My results supported this as 7 out of 8 young people mentioned copying their friends, trying to fit in and peer pressure as a reason for engaging in ASB. Chapter Four Discussion, Conclusions and Implications 4.1 The most important findings The study found that there was a high level of agreement amongst young people and youth workers that going to the youth club keeps young people out of trouble. It is therefore argued that youth work is already contributing to ASB prevention, at least during the period in which the youth clubs are open. Regarding what the participants thought were the most important services to provide, Q4-YW and Q9-YP, the study found a difference of opinion not only between youth workers and young people, but also amongst youth workers themselves. Young people felt that a place to socialise, access to information and advice, and a safe place to be were the most important services, whereas overall youth workers felt enthusiastic workers and the building of relationships were paramount. If youth work were to hold a substantial ASB or crime prevention role, differences such as these would need to be straightened out in order to ensure the most important services are clearly defined in terms of what the young people want and need from the clubs. With regard to the informative function of youth work, it was found that youth work does indeed play an important role in informing young people about ASB, crime and justice issues. This provides the foundation on which to argue that youth work has an extremely important role in providing young people with information on important issues. The study found that young people were likely to approach a youth worker for support and advice. This is very encouraging in terms of youth work holding and maintaining a successful role in ASB prevention, as it would be paramount that young people feel both confident and comfortable in approaching youth workers for help. It was also illustrated that in general young people have a very positive attitude towards youth workers, which supports the argument that youth workers have the potential to cross the barriers with young people where others fail, especially in terms of promoting pro-social behaviour and social inclusion. This finding als